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IV101 - Research Skills > Term 1 > Flashcards

Term 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The context of the research is discussed by implying what?

A
  1. What is the reason for doing this research?
  2. What is the problem?
  3. How has this resulted in the research question?
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2
Q

What issues convert a problem into a research question?

A
  1. Problem statement
  2. Objectives of the research study
  3. Research ethics
  4. Research question
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3
Q

What is a problem statement?

A

Is the context from which the problem originated

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4
Q

Why is it important to supply high quality information?

A

Because based on the information you can come up with a solution and implement it

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5
Q

What is the task of a researcher and what happens to the question when asked for advice?

A

To provide information for others for them to solve problems. When asked for advice the question becomes a policy question, not a research question

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6
Q

What is the research objective?

A

The answer to the questions “why do you do the research study” and “What do you want to achieve by doing it”

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7
Q

Which two methods can be applied to obtain a particular research goal?

A
  1. Basic scientific research

2. Applied scientific research

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8
Q

What is basic scientific research?

A

Research that results in scientific knowledge and not necessarily solutions to a problem. The aim is to entail you to conduct reliable and valid results (theory)

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9
Q

What is applied scientific research?

A

Research that results in knowledge that solves real problems. The results are reliable and valid that can be applied

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10
Q

What does it mean for research to be ethical?

A

It needs to be conducted responsibly by applying moral rules and professional codes of conduct to collect, analyse, report and publish information about research subjects.

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11
Q

How can you make sure the research is ethical?

A

By asking the following questions:

  1. Does the subject participate voluntarily?
  2. Have the subjects been told clearly what the goal and procedure is?
  3. Is the data from the subjects being analysed confidentially and anonymous?
  4. Do the results of the research study not have a negative consequence for the subject?
  5. Is the result completely honest?
  6. Is the research study being done in fair and objective way?
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12
Q

What is a research question?

A

The question that needs to be answered by the research. It is the thread which is central to the framework of the research and it needs to be very specific, otherwise it will become infeasible.

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13
Q

What types of research are there?

A
  1. qualitative research
  2. quantitative research
  3. mixed method research
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14
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

Research that gathers non-numerical data. This type of research “refers to the meanings, concepts, definitions, characteristics, metaphors, symbols, and description of things” and not to their “counts or measures”.

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15
Q

How can qualitative data be collected?

A

By open interviews and/or participant observation

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16
Q

Why should qualitative research be verifiable?

A

The researcher has to indicate what data his conclusions are based on. The reports of interviews and observations should be includes as appendices. These indicate how the data was collected and analysed

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17
Q

What is quantitative research?

A

Research in which data consists of numerical data which is analysed to to answer the research question

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18
Q

Why should qualitative research be replicable?

A

The research report should be written in such a way that enables someone else to reproduce your research. It should be clear how you found your subjects and which research instruments were used

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19
Q

What are characteristics of qualitative research?

A
  1. Open research questions
  2. research questions can be changed during the research process
  3. The goal is to develop (new) ideas (explanatory and exploratory)
  4. The data can be collected in many different ways
  5. Results of data collection are reports of observation and interviews, existing data like fragments of diaries
  6. Reports of observation and interviews are reduced to labels and structured based on these labels
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20
Q

What are characteristics of quantitative research?

A
  1. Closed research questions
  2. Research question is fixed. cannot change during the research
  3. The goal is to describe, test ideas stated prior to the start of the research study (descriptive)
  4. Data is collected in one particular way e.a. questionnaires
  5. Results of data collection are numerical
  6. Data is evaluated by using statistical analysis
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21
Q

What are units of analysis?

A

Are the persons, services or situations to which you are referring to in the study

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22
Q

What are constructs?

A

Are the characteristics of the unit of analysis you are referring to in the study

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23
Q

Why do we do literary research prior to the study?

A
  1. To indicate characteristics of the unit of analysis and to measure them
  2. To evaluate the research methods and make suggestions regarding future research
  3. By researching literary sources a theory needs to be developed that explains the phenomenon that will be researched
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24
Q

How do we do literary research prior to the study?

A
  1. By searching for keywords in a thesaurus
  2. By reading articles
  3. By reading dissertations and books
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25
Q

What type of research goals are there?

A
  1. Descriptive
  2. Explanatory
  3. Exploratory
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26
Q

What is descriptive research?

A

This is mainly concerned with questions regarding frequency and is aimed at registration and systematic structuring of what is happening in regard to a certain field. The aim is not to develop theory or formulate a hypothesis

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27
Q

What is explanatory research?

A

Research which you test whether your expectations formulated prior to the study in most cases based on hypothesis of a theory are supported by the data

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28
Q

What is exploratory research?

A

Is research which explores frequencies, associations and differences so as to come to a theory

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29
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

Is an answer to a research question often based on a theory which you want to test in your research study

30
Q

What is a theory?

A

Is a system of ideas intended to explain a specific phenomenon

31
Q

What types of hypothetical-deductive research are there?

A
  1. Evaluation research

2. Qualitative hypothetical research

32
Q

What is evaluation research?

A

You evaluate the effect of something in your research by testing to see if it is the expected effect

33
Q

What types of qualitative hypothetical research are there?

A
  1. Causality
  2. Template approach
  3. Action research
34
Q

What happens in the case of causality?

A

When something can be considered to be the cause of something else

35
Q

What happens in the case of template approach?

A

Testing whether a theory developed earlier also holds true for another situation

36
Q

What happens in the case of action research?

A

The researcher together with the respondents whom experience the problem think of actions to reduce the problem. In practice it is tested whether it’s effective

37
Q

What problems can hold a research study back?

A
  1. Time
  2. Money
  3. Willingness of subjects
  4. Approachableness of the subjects and retrievability of existing materials
38
Q

How can you make sure that time won’t hold a research study back?

A

By creating deadlines and counting back from them. This prevents you from becoming strapped for time when finishing the project, which can cause frustration

39
Q

On what factors does the willingness of subjects or the possibility of collecting existing materials depend on?

A
  1. The institute doing the research (commercial, a university or tertiary professional education institutes)
  2. The way you approach the subjects
  3. The time the subjects have to spend on the research
  4. The attractiveness of the research study
  5. Usefulness of the research
  6. A (financial) incentive for the participants
40
Q

What does the research process look like?

A
  1. research idea
  2. research objective
  3. research question
  4. building model/framework
  5. operationalization
  6. field work
  7. data collection
  8. analysis and results
41
Q

What is a research idea?

A

Research is formulated by curiosity. It is a subject or issue that a researcher is interested in. It can be on

  1. individual level
  2. organizational level
  3. global level
42
Q

What is the definition of research?

A

Something that people undertake in order to find things out in a systematic way, thereby increasing their knowledge

43
Q

What are the characteristics of research?

A
  1. Data are collected systematically
  2. Data are interpreted systematically
  3. There is a clear purpose to find things out
44
Q

Why is there a need for research knowledge in businesses?

A
  1. Managers draw on knowledge from other disciplines
  2. Managers are more likely to allow access if they see commercial or personal advantage
  3. Managers now tend to be as educated as the researchers
  4. Managers require research to have some practical consequence
45
Q

What is the difference between open and closed research questions?

A
  1. open:
    - used for qualitative research
    - answers can vary and are unexpected
    - verification: report of the interviews & observations, labels, topic guide, method of analysis need to indicate how the data was analyzed
  2. closed:
    - used for quantitative research
    - expected answers
    - replication: clear how you find your subjects and which instruments you used
46
Q

What factors should be considered when conducting research?

A
  1. The impact of your personal feelings and beliefs
  2. Access to data
  3. Time and other resources
  4. Validity and reliability of the data
  5. Ethical issues
47
Q

What does the research strategy look like?

A
  1. Research design: quantitative/qualitative
  2. research unit: population/sample
  3. research constructs: operationalization
48
Q

what are the types of quantitative research?

A
  1. survey
    - once
    - longitudinal: the units of analysis are measured repeatedly during a number of years, and during this period there are many time points at which the units of analysis are measured. In this way you can determine changes in the phenomena you are studying (panel/trend)
  2. experiment:
    - randomized
    - quasi/pre: danger of third variables (confounder/mediator/moderator)
49
Q

What is a survey?

A

is a research method to obtain data of the constructs of the units of analysis to describe the constructs or discover the relationships between them. It is not the same as a questionnaire, which are methods of data collection. Surveys include questions, listening and observation. This can be done once or longitudinal for which you use a focus group/panel or a trend

50
Q

What is an experiment?

A

is a research method to determine a causal relationship which mostly implies that there is a manipulated experimental independent variable and a dependent test variable

51
Q

What is the difference between a panel and a trend study?

A
  • panel/focus group: a fixed group is followed and measured repeatedly during time
  • trend: there are also several periodical measurements but with different samples
52
Q

What are the dangers of third variables?

A
  1. confounder/causal: a construct that partially explains the relationship between and affects two constructs.
  2. moderator: a construct which affects a relationship between two constructs but not as mediator
  3. mediator: a construct that caused one construct to lead to another construct
53
Q

What are the three types of experiments?

A
  1. true randomized: The subjects are randomly assigned to the experimental or the control group.
  2. quasi: Often it is not possible to randomly assign units of analysis to a condition given practical or ethical reasons. You have to use the pre-existing groups.
  3. pre :The distinctive feature of a pre-experimental design is in most cases that there is no control or comparison group.
54
Q

what are the types of qualitative research?

A
  1. Descriptive/exploratory:
    - Case study
    - ethnographic
    - focus
    - delphi
    - discourse/conversation
  2. practice oriented research:
    - action research
55
Q

What is a case study?

A

The case study is a technique that is commonly referred to as qualitative research with use of a survey. A case study uses as many data sources as possible to systematically investigate an individual, group, organization or event. Case studies are performed when a researcher desires to understand or explain a phenomenon. Case studies are frequently used in medicine, anthropology, management science, clinical psychology and history.

56
Q

What are the advantages of a case study?

A
  1. Case studies provide tremendous details. Thus they are used when the researcher wants to obtain a wealth of information about the research topic.
  2. They can provide the researcher with clues and ideas for further research.
  3. A wide spectrum of evidence is made available to the researcher: documents, historical artifacts, systematic interviews, direct observation
57
Q

What are the disadvantages of a case study?

A
  1. There is a general lack of scientific strictness in many case studies.
  2. The case study is not easily open to generalization.
  3. Case studies are likely to be time consuming and may produce a massive amount of data that is hard to summarize.
58
Q

What is a focus group?

A

The Focus Group or Group Interviewing, is a research strategy for understanding audience/consumer attitudes and behaviour. From 6 to 12 people are interviewed simultaneously, with a moderator. The characteristic of the Focus Group is controlled group discussion: to gather preliminary information for a research project, to help develop questionnaire items for survey research, to gather other data as a foundation for further study.

59
Q

What are the advantages of a focus group?

A
  1. Excellent for pilot studies in that they detect ideas.
  2. The focus group can be conducted very quickly.
  3. The cost is low.
  4. There is great flexibility in question design and follow up.
  5. Respondents in focus groups usually give more complete response to the questions.
60
Q

What are the disadvantages of a focus group?

A
  1. The sample is too small, and thus it should never be used as the only research approach to investigate a problem.
  2. There may be some self-appointed leader among the respondents of the group, who might dominate and monopolize the discussion.
  3. The data gathered is definitely not quantitative.
  4. The focus groups are generally composed of volunteers who do not necessarily represent the population.
61
Q

What is an ethnographic study?

A

Qualitative research originated in cultural anthropology. When studying a cultural group, the researcher will participate by being one of them

62
Q

What is delphi research?

A

When it concerns collecting opinions of policy development then Delphi research is a very suitable research method. This works in different rounds. Firstly the researcher mostly presents questions or statements to different experts with the request to each individual to react on them, secondly these reactions will then be turned into a document anonymously by the researcher. This in turn will be presented to the experts with the question to react on them. On this basis of the first collective document another new summarizing document will be written which should be the greatest denominator and therefore an incentive for new policy

63
Q

What is discourse research?

A

The concept discourse-/conversation analysis entails a great number of different methods. The commonality between all these methods is that all are concerned with language. The idea behind discourse and conversation analysis is that language represents the social reality.

64
Q

What are the differences in regard to the method used, concerning the extent to which language is elicited with discourse research.

A
  1. unelected language: The researcher asks an entrepreneur to talk about how he experienced his bankruptcy. It is important to study how he tells his story. Is it an emotional story or is it a very factual, analytic story?
  2. elected language: do help desk employees of an internet provider address male clients different than female clients?
65
Q

What is the difference in terms of the analysis concerning whether the factual or formal or content related characteristics are analysed?

A
  1. content related linguistic aspects: do the help desk employees call female clients by their first name more often than male clients?
  2. formal technical aspects of a conversation: do the help desk employees interrupt the female clients more than male clients?
66
Q

What is action research?

A

Its objective is not to describe or to explore but aims to bring changes about, that’s why it is called practice-oriented research. Therefore it can be categorized as a qualitative experiment. In this case there is an intervention but not a systematic pre-post test and hardly ever a control or comparison group. Action research is a form of participatory research. You first analyse the research problem with those involved. The aim is to find possible solution with them.

67
Q

What types of samples are there?

A
  1. quantitative probability sampling: When every person in the population has the same known chance to be picked for the sample. The result can be representative because it’s a reflection of the population. The sampling results from the demographic variables look a lot like that of the population. The population data is known.
  2. quantitative non-probability sampling: Not everyone in the population has the same chance, which is not known, to be picked for the sample. Don’t have a sampling frame. The result can be indicative because it indicates a certain number
  3. qualitative sampling: In a qualitative sample the term saturation plays an important role. Saturation implies that in case of a qualitative study you continue to collect data till no new information presents itself.
68
Q

what is construct reliability and validity?

A
  1. validity: the extent to which you measure what you intend to measure
    - ecological: indicates the trustworthiness of the results in relation to the daily practice
    - construct: is the extent to which you measure what you intend to measure.
  2. reliability: the extent to which a measurement is independent of chance
69
Q

What is operationalization vs a variable ?

A
  1. operationalization: is the translation of abstract constructs into measurable terms.
  2. variable: is a measurable construct to which different scores and values can be assigned.
70
Q

What does the operationalization process look like?

A
  1. Definition: Be sure that the definition is not too general
  2. .Determining the (sub)dimensions
  3. .Searching for indicators
71
Q

In research the following data collection methods are used:

A

a. Asking questions
b. Observation
c. Using existing material
d. triangulation: combination of all three

72
Q

Chance can be due to the following random error sources:

A

a. Measurement instrument used: The measurement instrument used refers to a test, a questionnaire or an observation. There could be vague, unclear items or questions which are interpreted differently when you read them multiple times and therefore lead to different answers
b. Respondent or interviewee: You could well feel more uncertain or more anxious than other times whereby you fill in the test or respond differently to questions from an interviewer. Even fatigue which leads to you being able to concentrate difficult can play a role. This especially holds true for an intelligence tests.
c. Circumstances
d. Researcher, interviewer and observer:In case of interviews and observations and especially open interviews and unstructured observations the person of the interviewer or observer can play an important role. It could be that a woman is more willing to admit that she is afraid of the dentist when facing a woman compared to a self-assured tough male researcher.

IV101 - Research Skills (1 decks)

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