Term 1

Question 1

Socialisation definition

Answer 1

The lifelong process of learning norms, customs and values. It gives people skills and habits they need in society

Question 2

Primary socialisation

Answer 2

Occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values and actions appropriate to individuals.

Question 3

Secondary socialisation

Answer 3

Associated with teens and adults it involves smaller changes than primary socialisation eg moving to a new profession or house

Question 4

Culture

Answer 4

A word for the ‘way of life’ of groups of people. Learning styles are greatly influenced by how a culture socialises with its children and young people

Question 5

Attitudes

Answer 5

Someone’s attitude reflects how they think,feel and behave in a given situation. Our attitude towards situations determine the choices we make

Question 6

Beliefs

Answer 6

An acceptance that something exists or is true without the need of proof

Question 7

Norms

Answer 7

Social expectations that guide behaviour eg making eye contact with someone your speaking with or shaking hands

Question 8

Social solidarity

Answer 8

Used by Durkheim and refers to how societies are held together. School gives students social solidarity as individuals see each other and interact with each other at this institution

Question 9

Collective consciousness

Answer 9

Concept that refers to the set of shared beliefs, ideas, attitudes and knowledge that’s are common to a social group or society

Question 10

Anomie

Answer 10

Durkheim said that the rules of how we interact with each other are disintergrating so he beloved anomie is a state where expectations of behaviour are unclear and the system has broken down

Question 11

Instrumental relationship

Answer 11

Co-operation in order to achieve a limited and immediate goal eg a relationship between doctor a patient. In an instrumental relationship we have to manage how to get along, manage conflict etc

Question 12

Particularistic standards

Answer 12

In the home a child is judged by their own standard and not compared to everyone else or judged by a clear measure of achievement. Rules only apply to that particular child

Question 13

Universalistic standards

Answer 13

In school a child is judged by achievements and expectations of behaviour that is applied to all other students.

Question 14

Ascribed status

Answer 14

This status is involuntary- something we can’t choose such as race, ethnicity and the social class of our parents

Question 15

Achieved status

Answer 15

Is something we accomplish in the course of our lives. This status reflects our work and effort eg college student, college dropout, CEO

Question 16

Meritocracy

Answer 16

A social system in which success and status in life depend primarily on individual talents, abilities and effort. People advance as a result of their achievements.

Question 17

What is capitalism

Answer 17

Capitalism is organised around the concept of capital (the ownership and control of means of production by those who employ workers to produce goods and services). At the other end of the system are workers who sell their labor to capitalists in exchange for wages

Question 18

What is class conflict

Answer 18

This is Karl Marx’ theory that claims society is in a state of conflict because of competition for limited resources. It holds that social order is maintained by domination and power, rather than consensus and conformity

Question 19

What is the proletariat

Answer 19

Defined as working class people, or people who perform labor for money. They are the many people in a society who own regular jobs and make a living below the middle-class level.

Question 20

What is the Bourgeoisie

Answer 20

They’re middle and upper-class citizens who often own the means of production during modern industrialisation. Marx believed that the Capitalist Bourgeoisie Class exploited the Proletariat by recognising that the work carried out by the proletariat created great wealth for the Bourgeoisie

Question 21

What is False Consciouness

Answer 21

A term Marxists use to describe a state of mind that prevents someone from recognising the injustice of their current situation. Marxists believe that if workers realised they have the power to make things better, they could join with others to resists the status quo and revolutionise the economic system

Question 22

What is an ideology

Answer 22

A set of opinions or beliefs of a group or individual. Very often ideology refers to a set of political beliefs or a set of ideas that characterise a particular culture. Capitalism, communism, socialism and Marxism are ideologies

Question 23

What is Marxist Philosopher Althusser’s theory of Ideological State Apparatus about

Answer 23

He believed that education was instrumental in transmitting the ideology that a capitalist society is fundamental to social control. Therefore, education is an I.S.A which helps to pass on ruling class ideology as it prepares working class pupils to accept a life of exploitation.

Question 24

What is Bowles and Gintis’ Correspondence Principle theory

Answer 24

A theory that the norms and values pupils learn in schools correspond to the norms and values in the workplace which will therefore make it easier for future capitalist employers to exploit them with at work

Question 25

What is the Hidden Curriculm

Answer 25

Lessons that are taught informally and usually unintentionally in a school system. E.g Children learn ‘appropriate’ ways to act at school. You can then take these lessons such as being punctual and on time for lessons into the work environment and therefore it will enhance the easy you act and behave in the workplace.

Question 26

What is counter school subculture

Answer 26

This consists of groups of students who rebel against the school for various reasons, and develop and alternative set of deliquent values, attitudes and behaviours in opposition to the academic aims,ethos and rules of a school. E.G. Paul Willis’ book ‘learning to labour’ about a group of lads who supported counter school subculture