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Year 11 Biology > Term 1 > Flashcards

Term 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

biological science

A

observation, identification, experimental investigation and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena

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2
Q

the cell theory

A
  • all living things are composed of cells and substances produced by cells or developed out of cells
  • basic functional units of organisms
  • must be in a constant environment to efficiently obtain nutrients and excrete wastes
  • all cells come from pre existing cells
  • all cells contain genetic material which is passed on to daughter cells
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3
Q

labelled microscope

A

check book

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4
Q

total magnification formula

A

eye piece magnification x objective lens magnification

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5
Q

field of view

A

the area you see > the diameter of the area you will see with no objective lens

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6
Q

10x/22?

A 
10 = eye piece magnification
22 = field number
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7
Q

how many micrometres in a millimetre

A

1000

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8
Q

millimetres

A

10^-3

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9
Q

micrometres

A

10^6

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10
Q

field of view under high power formula

A

diameter (HP) = [diameter (LP) x magnification (LP)]/ magnification (HP)

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11
Q

the higher the magnification, the ___ (higher/lower) the field of view

A

lower

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12
Q

cell membrane

A
  • selectively permeable barrier that controls movement in and out of the cell
  • 7.5 nm in width
  • bilipid (two sheets of polar phospholipids)
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13
Q

some substances pass through easier than others because they are ____ (larger/smaller)

A

smaller

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14
Q

the cell membrane has phospholipids with hydro___ heads and hydro___ tails

A

philic

phobic

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15
Q

diffusion

A
  • passive transport
  • the process by which substances move from an area of high concentration to low, down the concentration gradient (the difference in the concentrations)
  • no energy used
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16
Q

equilibrium (diffusion)

A

when substances are equally distributed

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17
Q

simple diffusion

A

free and unaided movement of molecules through the cell membrane down their concentration gradient

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18
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

globular proteins move molecules through the cell membrane down their concentration gradient

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19
Q

osmosis

A

the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane down its concentration gradient

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20
Q

active transport

A

cellular energy is used to move molecules against their concentration gradient

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21
Q

exocytosis

A

active transport out of the cell

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22
Q

endocytosis

A

active transport into the cell

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23
Q

two types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

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24
Q

phagocytosis

A

takes in larger substances (e.g. bacteria)

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25
Q

pinocytosis

A

takes in fluids and solute

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26
Q

surface area

A

the area of outer surface on an object

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27
Q

volume

A

3D space inside an object

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28
Q

as an object gets larger, SA:V gets ____ (larger/smaller)

A

smaller

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29
Q

the bigger the cell, the ____ (bigger/smaller) the volume and the ____ (more/less) nutrients needed and wastes produced

A

bigger

more

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30
Q

a ____ (larger/smaller) SA:V ratio is more desirable (and why)

A

larger

- allow enough nutrients and wastes through the membrane and keep it functioning efficiently

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31
Q

when a cell grows, its volume increases at a ____ (greater/less) rate than its surface area and so the SA:V ____ (decreases/increases)

A

greater

decreases

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32
Q

cells

A
  • basic building blocks of all living things
  • provide structure for the body
  • take in nutrients and convert them into energy
  • carry out specialized functions
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33
Q

prokaryotes

A

unicellular organisms (microorganisms)

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34
Q

e.g. of prokaryotic cells

A

amoeba, unicellular fungi, bacteria, protozoa, unicellular yeasts, unicellular algae, paramecium

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35
Q

eukaryotes

A

multicellular organisms

- all organisms are made of 2 or more cells and they need all parts to survive

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36
Q

levels of organisation

A

cells > tissues > organs > organ systems > organisms

37
Q

features of a prokaryotic cell

A
  • pre nucleus
  • most primitive cells- smallest and simplest
  • neither nucleus nor membrane bound organelles (but has a cell membrane)
  • single cell with DNA
  • lacks a nucleus and organelles
  • smaller (0.5-2um)
  • the only organisms for 2 billion years)
  • have a cell wall covered by a capsule
  • frail cytoskeleton that aides movement
  • some have a flagella and pilus
  • only organelle is ribosomes in cytoplasm
  • unicellular
38
Q

features of a eukaryotic cell

A
  • true nucleus
  • first cells to appear on Earth with internal compartments (organelles)
  • nucleus surrounded by cytosol (cytoplasm)
  • complex cytoskeleton
  • larger (10um) and more complex
  • contains nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
39
Q

organelles

A
  • minute subcellular structures with particular functions

- organs of cells

40
Q

e.g. of eukaryotic cells

A

animals cells, plant cells, and some protists

41
Q

cell wall

A
  • protects the cell and gives it shape
  • made of cellulose
  • found in plants, algae, fungi, and most bacteria
42
Q

cell membrane

A
  • outer covering, protective layer around all cells
  • for cells with cell walls, the membrane is inside
  • allows food, oxygen and water into the cell and waste products out of the cell
43
Q

cytoplasm

A
  • gelatin-like inside cell membrane that constantly flows

- aka protoplasm

44
Q

chloroplasts

A
  • convert light energy of the Sun into sugars to be used by cells
  • photosynthesis depends on the chlorophyll (green pigment) molecules in the chloroplasts
  • two membranes
45
Q

vacuoles

A

temporary storage spaces for food, water and waste

46
Q

nucleus

A
  • directs all cell activities and contains instructions for everything the cell does
  • these instructions are found on DNA (hereditary material)
  • usually the largest organelle
47
Q

mitochondria

A
  • double membrane celled organelles that release energy from food by breaking down food into carbon dioxide
  • metabolize or breakdown carbohydrates and fatty acids to generate energy
  • eukaryotic cells use energy in the form of a chemical molecule called ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
  • the powerhouse because they release energy from food
  • double membrane celled organelle
  • synthesize proteins for their own use
  • inner membrane is folded to form a series of cristae (shelves) which increases the SA of the membrane
  • spherical - high SA:V ratio for the efficient uptake and release of materials
48
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • series of folded membranes that move proteins around in a cell
  • like a conveyor belt
  • two types - smooth and rough
  • flattened membrane bound sacs called cisternae
49
Q

smooth ER

A
  • responsible for the synthesis and transport of lipids and steroids
  • ribosomes not attached
50
Q

rough ER

A
  • ribosomes attached

- responsible for the synthesis of proteins

51
Q

golgi bodies

A
  • stacked flattened membranes

- sort and package proteins

52
Q

lysosomes

A
  • the purpose is to digest things - food or breaking down the cell when it dies
  • break down food molecules, cell wastes, and worn out cell parts
53
Q

nucleolus

A

makes ribosomes > make proteins

54
Q

which organelle contains its own DNA?

A

nucleus

55
Q

what is the relationship between the ER and golgi apparatus?

A

the golgi sorts and packages proteins and the ER moves them

56
Q

what structures are found in plants but not animal cells

A

cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts

57
Q

enzyme

A
  • produced in living cells

- catalysts that speed up reactions in organisms

58
Q

active site

A
  • portion of an enzyme in contact with substrate
59
Q

substrate

A
  • a substance that attaches to enzyme active site
60
Q

catalyst

A

a chemical that causes a chemical change (but isn’t altered by the reaction) and speeds up the reaction

61
Q

lock and key model

A
  • at active sites, enzyme has specific geometric shape and orientation that a complementary substrate fits into perfectly
62
Q

induced fit model

A

when an enzyme binds to appropriate substrate, subtle changes in the active site occur- enhances catalysis as the enzyme converts substrate to product

63
Q

photosynthesis

A

the method by which most autotrophs make their food i.e. obtain energy and store it as chemical energy
the process whereby radiant energy from the Sun is converted to the chemical bond energy of glucose

64
Q

photosynthesis formula (word form)

A

carbon dioxide + water > glucose + oxygen

arrow = sunlight + chlorophyll

65
Q

photosynthesis formula

A

6CO2 + 6H20 > C6H12O6 + 6O2

66
Q

stoma

A

open space inside a chloroplast

67
Q

thylakoid

A

contains green chlorophyll, that absorbs light

68
Q

grana

A

stacks of thylakoid

69
Q

two types of photosynthesis reactions

A

light and dark

70
Q

photosynthesis process

A
  • light hits chlorophyll and an electron from the molecule gets excited
  • chloroplast holds chlorophyll in a protein complex called the reaction centre, allows the electron to be ejected and used to drive photosynthesis
71
Q

factors affecting photosynthesis

A
  • light
  • temperature
  • CO2
  • chlorophyll
  • H2O
72
Q

when a process depends on more than one factor…

A

the rate of that process is limited by the factor that is in the shortest supply

73
Q

as the intensity of the light or carbon dioxide increases (individually), the rate of photosynthesis ___ (increases/decreases), until _ ___ __ ____. At this point it is further limited by other factors.

A

increases

it reaches its limit

74
Q

as the temperature increases, the rate of photosynthesis ____ (increases/decreases), until the _____. From that point, when temperature increases, rate ____ (increases/decreases), until it eventually ___.

A

increases
maximum
decreases
stops

75
Q

what happens during a light reaction

A

ADP + light energy > ATP

H2O > H + O2

76
Q

what happens during a dark reaction

A

CO2 + H > sugars

ATP > ADP + energy

77
Q

in which part of the cell does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

78
Q

in which part of the cell does Kreb’s cycle occur?

A

mitochondria

79
Q

in which part of the cell does electron transport chain occur?

A

mitochondria

80
Q

how many molecules of ATP are produced during glycolysis?

A

2

81
Q

the absence or presence of which substance determines what pathway the molecule pyruvate proceeds down?

A

oxygen

82
Q

aerobic respiration

A

efficient production of energy, requiring oxygen to occur

  • involves Kreb’s Cycle and ETC
  • produces large amounts of ATP (34-36) from each glucose molecule
  • mitochondria
  • products = waste products and water
83
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

not as efficient method of producing small amounts of energy, without the involvement of oxygen

  • involves glycolysis (splitting of glucose)
  • occurs in cytoplasm
  • for each molecule of glucose, 2 ATP are produced rapidly
  • followed by fermentation into either lactic acid or ethanol
  • used only if there is not enough O2 for aerobic respiration
  • can be useful for rapid rate of release of energy
84
Q

waste products produced during cellular respiration

A

lactic acid, ethanol, CO2, H2O

85
Q

overview of cellular respiration

A
  1. a glucose molecule enters cell
  2. glycolysis > produces 2 molecules of ATP and 2 of CO2
  3. forms pyruvate - different paths based on presence of oxygen
anaerobic: pyruvate undergoes process of fermentation 
forms ethanol (in plants and fungi)
forms lactic (in animals) ENDS HERE

aerobic: pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA

86
Q

overview of cellular respiration

A
  1. a glucose molecule enters cell
  2. glycolysis > produces 2 molecules of ATP and 2 of CO2
  3. forms pyruvate - different paths based on presence of oxygen
anaerobic: pyruvate undergoes process of fermentation 
forms ethanol (in plants and fungi)
forms lactic (in animals) ENDS HERE

aerobic: pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA
4. Kreb’s Cycle > produces 2 molecules of ATP and 4 of CO2
5. Electron Transport Chain > produces 32-34 molecules of ATP
6. H2O + waste products

87
Q

overview of cellular respiration

A
  1. a glucose molecule enters cell

(in cytoplasm)

  1. glycolysis > produces 2 molecules of ATP and 2 of CO2
  2. forms pyruvate - different paths based on presence of oxygen
anaerobic: pyruvate undergoes process of fermentation 
forms ethanol (in plants and fungi)
forms lactic (in animals) ENDS HERE

(in mitochondria)

aerobic: pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA
4. Kreb’s Cycle > produces 2 molecules of ATP and 4 of CO2
5. Electron Transport Chain > produces 32-34 molecules of ATP

(out)
6. H2O + waste products

88
Q

cellular respiration

A

process of turning glucose into energy rich ATP molecules, that occur at any set time

89
Q

cellular respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. kreb’s cycle
  3. electron chain transport

Year 11 Biology (4 decks)

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