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biology-mix > term 1 > Flashcards

term 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Test for lipids

A

emulsion test

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2
Q

Describe the emulsion test

A

shake substance with ethanol in test tube. THEN ADD WATER- WHITE/MILKY EMULSION=lipid present
*the more cloudy an emulsion, the more lipid present

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3
Q

What is a phospholipid made of?

A

2 fatty acid + a phosphate group+ glycerol

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4
Q

Describe the properties of the components of a phospholipid

A

phosphate group is hydrophilic

fatty acid is hydrophobic

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5
Q

name of bonds in fats

A

ester bonds

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6
Q

lactose = monosaccharide x + ——-

A

alpha glucose + galactose

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7
Q

test for starch

A

iodine added= blue/black if starch present

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8
Q

maltose=

A

alpha glucose + alpha glucose

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9
Q

bonds in polysaccharides

A

glycosidic bonds

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10
Q

sucrose=

A

glucose = fructose

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11
Q

test for glycosidic bonds

A

Benedict’s reagent + heat in water bath. red precipitate formed

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12
Q

3 ways active transport differs to facilitated diffusion.

A

Uses energy / ATP;
Against concentration gradient / low to high concentration;
Does not use channel proteins / only uses carrier proteins;

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13
Q

name the different components of a cell membrane

A 
glycolipids
glycoproteins
cholesterol
proteins 
phospholipids
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14
Q

properties of lipids

A

Waterproof-waxy cuticle
Insulation- fat slow conductors of heat -stored below skin + HELP TO RETAIN HEAT
Protection- around kidneys
Source of energy- when oxidised lipids hydrocarbon fatty acid tails provide more than twice the energy as the same mass of carbohydrates and release water
insoluble-trigyclerides

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15
Q

polypeptides=

A

proteins

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16
Q

describe competitive inhibition

A

molecule has similar shape to substrate
binds to active site
prevents substrate from binding= LESS SUBSTRATE ENZYME COMPLEXES

17
Q

The epithelial cells that line the small intestine are adapted for the absorption of glucose. Explain how.

A
  1. Microvilli;
  2. Large/increased surface area;
  3. Many mitochondria;
  4. (Mitochondria/respiration) produce ATP / release or provide energy (for active transport);
  5. Carrier proteins for active transport;
  6. Channel / carrier proteins for facilitated diffusion;
  7. Co-transport of sodium (ions) and glucose or symport / carrier protein for sodium (ions) and glucose;
  8. Membrane-bound enzymes digest disaccharides / produce glucose
18
Q

Hydrogen bonds are important in cellulose molecules. Explain why.

A
  1. Holds chains/cellulose molecules together/forms cross links between chains/cellulose molecules/forms microfibrils;
  2. Providing strength/rigidity (to cellulose/cell wall);
  3. Hydrogen bonds strong in large numbers;
19
Q

A starch molecule has a spiral shape. Explain why this shape is important to its function in cells.

A

Compact/occupies small space/tightly packed;

20
Q

What is the evidence haemoglobin has a quaternary structure?

A

MORE THAN ONE POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN

21
Q

The total number of bases in the DNA of the α-polypeptide gene is more than 423. Give two reasons why there are more than 423 bases.

A
  1. Two chains/a non-coding strand/complementary base
    pairs;
  2. Addition of base by mutation;
22
Q

The haemoglobin in one organism may have a different chemical structure from the haemoglobin in another organism. Describe how.

A

Different primary structure/amino acids

23
Q

WHY ARE TEM BETTER THAN SEM

A

Higher resolution

24
Q

DESCRIBE induced fit model

A

Active site / enzyme not complementary; Active site changes (shape) / is flexible;
(Change in enzyme allows) substrate to fit / E-S complex to form;

25
Q

what does the lock and key model state which is different to the induced fit?

A

active site doesn’t change shape and is complementary before binding

26
Q

iodine tests for what?

A

starch

27
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

The addition of a phosphate (inorganic) molecule in order to make a substance more reactive

28
Q

What do the bonds between phosphate groups do?

A

They store energy

29
Q

Why atp a better immediate energy resource compared to glucose

A

1) Atp hyrdolsyis is one stage so energy is released in a single stage
2) atp releases energy in small quantitive amounts which means that the energy is more manageable to use in comparison to glucose which releases so much energy at once
3) has unstable bonds between phosphate groups

30
Q

The bonds between phosphate groups are…

A

Unstable meaning that they break easily hence they have a low activation energy

31
Q

3 ways in which a phosphate molecule is gained

A
  • Substrate level phosphorylation- where phosphate molecule is given by a donor molecule in a plant or animal
  • Photophosphorylation where the phospahte molecule is gained in a chlorophyll containing plant during photosynthesis
  • oxidative phosphorylation when a phosphate molecule is gained during respiration in an animal or plant cell
32
Q

Atp is used in which processes_

MASAM

A 
Movement 
Metabolic 
Activation energy
Secretion 
Active transport
33
Q

Name the different ions -SHIP

A
  • Sodium ions help co-transport molecules of either glucose or amino acids with it
  • Iron ions are important in haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is made up of 4 polypeptide chains each with a Fe2+ ion in the centre which binds to the oxygen in haem so when this does happen fe2+ ion temporarily becomes fe3+ ion until oxygen is released
  • phosphate ions attach to other molecules to form a phosphate group where dna rna and atp all contain phosphate groups. The bonds between phosphate groups store energy. The phosphate groups in rna and dna allow nucleotides to join up and form polynucleotides
  • hydrogen ions- determine ph
34
Q

What provides energy for cellular reactions?

A

ATP

35
Q

The more h+ ions the more a…

A

Acidic the solution

36
Q

Phosphate groups exist within

A

ATP, DNA, RNA

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