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Marine Biology > Term 1 2023 Definitions > Flashcards

Term 1 2023 Definitions Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

functional biology

A

an organism’s basic function

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2
Q

ecology

A

interactions between organisms and their environments

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3
Q

anoxic

A

environment with a lack of oxygen

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4
Q

oceanic vents

A

likely starting points for life forms in the deep sea

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5
Q

“The Great Oxidation”

A

period 2.4bn years ago the rapidly increased the sea’s oxygen levels

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6
Q

sea mounts

A

ocean-floor volcanos below sea level eg.Mauno Loa

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7
Q

Guyots

A

flat-topped sea mounts via erosion

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8
Q

lithosphere

A

earth’s crust

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9
Q

divergent plate

A

constructie plate moving away eg. Iceland

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10
Q

transform plate

A

conservative plate that rubs against each other eg. Mid Atlantic Ridge

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11
Q

convergent plate

A

destructive plate that moves towards each other eg. Mariana Trench/ NW Pacific

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12
Q

Isostacy

A

gravity + buoyancy acting on earth’s outer layers to bring them closer

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13
Q

Bathymetry

A

study of the sea floor

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14
Q

surface zone

A

first zone of the oceans temperature, mixed layer 25-500m

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15
Q

thermocline

A

2nd layer of ocean temp, 200-1000m, rapid decrease in temp + advection of cool water

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16
Q

deep zone

A

3rd layer of oceans temp, below 1000m, stable temps of 1C

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17
Q

stratified ocean

A

where temp (+salinity) determines waters’s density, splitting ocean in density levels

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18
Q

CTD

A

Conductivity Temperature Depth Rosette, measure temp + conductivity, pressure + depth to work out salinity

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19
Q

Ekman transport

A

net movements of water due to Coriolis and wind forces, brings deep water upwards due to displacemtn

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20
Q

surface currents

A

global ocean current driven by wind

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21
Q

global overturning circulation

A

global ocean current driven by density

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22
Q

gyres

A

large system of circular ocean currents formed by global wind patterns and forces created by Earth’s rotation

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23
Q

the Gulf stream

A

the northerly loop of the N Atlantic Subtropical Gyre, bringing warm water to the Uk

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24
Q

Antarctic Circumpolar current

A

circumscribes whole earths, connecting all other ocean basics and driven by powerful westerly wind belt (stormiest ocean)

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25
Q

Pacific Ocean Circulation

A

driven by 2 huge subtropical greys with dominant equatorial countercurrent

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26
Q

‘The plastic vortex”

A

collection of plastic into the N.Pacific gyre’s convergent flow (and now N.Atlantic)

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27
Q

eddies

A

small-scale gyres + flows

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28
Q

pelagic zones

A

ocean area

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29
Q

Benthic zones

A

sediment/ substrate section of the ocean

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30
Q

neurotic zone

A

sea on the continental shelf

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31
Q

oceanic zone

A

sea off the continental shelf

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32
Q

epipelagic

A

photic zone 0-200m in water column

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33
Q

Mesopelagic

A

dysphotic zone 200-1000m in the water columun

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34
Q

Bathypelagic

A

1000-2000m in the aphotic zone of the water column

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35
Q

Abyssalpelagic

A

2000-6000m in the photic zone of the water column

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36
Q

Hadalpelagic

A

deepest oceanic layer 6000m+ in the aphotic zone of the water column

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37
Q

nekton

A

pelagic organisms that can maintain position against water currents (swimmers(

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38
Q

plankton

A

pelagic organisms that can’t maintain their position against water currents (wanderer)

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39
Q

phytoplankton

A

plant-like + able to photosynthesise

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40
Q

zooplankton

A

animal-like + heterotrophic

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41
Q

ciliates

A

organisms that have somatic cillic (can move to create feeding currents)

42
Q

cyanobacteria

A

smallest phytoplankton (1-5μm) that fix N gas, dominant primary producer

43
Q

coccolithophorids

A

single-celled phytoplankton with a calcium carbonate coccolith, from white blooms + major contributor of CaCO3

44
Q

Diatoms

A

5-200μm + fast growing phytoplankton that create a silica box with 2 valves

45
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

phytoplankton with 2 whip flagella armoured with cellulose plates

46
Q

food web

A

pathway of consumption and energy flows from one trophic level to another

47
Q

detritus

A

debris found in oceanic vents

48
Q

autotroph

A

primary producer

49
Q

ontogenetic shifts

A

where an organism changes its diet during development

50
Q

trophic cascade

A

ecological phenomenon triggered by the +/- of predators + changes pops causing changes in ecosystem structure and nutrient cycling

51
Q

mesopredator release

A

removal of top predator leads to dominance of medium-sized predator eg. fur seals and large predatory fish

52
Q

Redfield ratio

A

the ratio of N:P as 16:1 creating “generalist” plankton

53
Q

blue carbon

A

carbon stored in oceanic sinks eg. mangroves

54
Q

salt glands

A

allow mangrove roots to build negative hydrostatic pressure (counteract salinity)

55
Q

seagrass

A

monocotyledonous + not true grasses found intertidal+subtidally

56
Q

irradiance

A

radiant energy

57
Q

lacunae

A

large oxygen-filled tubes in seagrass leaves (like aerenchyma)

58
Q

functional group

A

A set of species, or collection of organisms, that share
alike characteristics within a community

59
Q

lamniformes

A

mackerel sharks that are found worldwide but in the Indian

60
Q

nekton

A

organisms capable of swimming against the current

61
Q

Reynolds number

A

another way to define nekton (length with velocity over viscosity)

62
Q

semelparous

A

reproduce once in life

63
Q

iteroparous

A

have multiple reproductive cycles

64
Q

chondrichthyes

A

cartilaginous fish eg. elasmobranchs

65
Q

osteichthyes

A

bony fish

66
Q

fusiform

A

tapered at both ends (hooked)

67
Q

poikilothermic

A

cold blooded

68
Q

homeothermic

A

warm blooded eg. tuna

69
Q

ectothermic

A

cold blooded

70
Q

carnivora

A

sea otters, polar bears + pinnipeds

71
Q

cetaceas

A

whales, dolphins + porpoises

72
Q

Sirenia

A

manatees and dugons

73
Q

catch

A

what fish gets caught

74
Q

landings

A

what caught fish stays

75
Q

discard

A

the caught fish that is thrown out of catch

76
Q

bycatch

A

unintentional catch

77
Q

stocks/population

A

current number of organisms

78
Q

tragedy of the commons

A

idea that if everyone does it, it becomes normalised

79
Q

fishing down the foodweb

A

idea that fishers go for the biggest then when depleted, move down to smaller fish until the population is gone

80
Q

shifting baselines

A

idea that fish stocks have become smaller and become the norm, so must set conservation targets to original not current numbers

81
Q

Hope spots

A

idea that areas can be protected and must be optimistic

82
Q

natal philpatry

A

come back to the beach where they were birthed

83
Q

oviparous

A

lay eggs

84
Q

Phocidae

A

true seals found in the N.hemisphereMo

85
Q

Monochinae

A

true seals found in S.hemisphere (monk seal+ elephant)

86
Q

sexually dimorphic

A

where each sex has different morphologies

87
Q

demersal

A

fish that live on or near to the bottom

88
Q

zoonotic

A

infectious disease transmitted between species from animals to humans

89
Q

seabird

A

bird entirely dependant on the marine environment for at least part of their lives

90
Q

guano

A

hard bird poo that can be made into rock-like structures + used as fertiliser

91
Q

BRT

A

bycatch reduction technology

92
Q

synergistic effects

A

When the combined effect is greater than that predicted by their individual potencies

93
Q

biomagnification

A

increase in biological concentration f a chemical with increasing trophic position

94
Q

bioaccumulation

A

corresponds to process which chemical increases via diet/environmental exposure and is carried up the food chain

95
Q

POPs

A

Persistent Organic Pollutants (pesticides)

96
Q

PAHs

A

Oil and Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

97
Q

carcinomas

A

cancer of the epithelial tissue

98
Q

MPA

A

a clearly defined geographical space recognised and managed through legal and other means to achieve long term conservation of nature

99
Q

EEZ

A

exclusive economic zone

100
Q

BRUVS

A

baited remote underwater video systems

101
Q

paper park

A

a set up MPA that actually provides no evidence on conservation. occurs due to poor management and policing and poor set-up/design

102
Q
A

Marine Biology (3 decks)

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