Term 1 Flashcards
how many people drowned in australia from july 2021 to june 2022
339
what percentage of drowing victims were female and male 2021 - 2022
18% female 82% male
highest age groups for drowings
65-74, 35-44, 25-34
top locations fro drownings
rivers/creek, beach, ocean/harbour
red flag
no swimming
red and yellow flag
safe area supervised by lifeguards to swimbetween flags
yellow flag
swim with caution - potential hazards
red and white flag
evacuate the water
black and white flag
surfcradft riding area boundary
beach hazards
sun, rip currents, marine stingers, waves/movement of water, submerged and unsibmerged objects, barnacles and oysters
rip current
bodys of water on the shore moving to sea in deeper channels
why do people drown in rip currents?
they panic and use up all their energy trying to swim against the rip or thrash and drown, they arent aware or educated about them
signs of a rip current
debri, sand washed up, calm water, no waves breaking
saftest place the swim on beach
between the flags or where there are the most waves breaking with whitewash
how do you survive a rip current
dont panic, observe surrounds, float, swim parrallel to rip, signal for help, let it carry you out
why does the ocean matter?
acts as a regulator
does the ocean store gasses?
the ocean stores enourmous amoutns of gasses such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen which are dissolved thorugh the water cycle.
does ocean produce oxygen
yes, ocean produces (60% or earths) oxygen through photosynthesis by phytoplankton in the photic zone of oceans
how impactful is ocean for worlds food supply
ocean produces 18% of worlds protein and as much as 40% in developong countreis
what are other ways the ocean has an impact?
provides essential means for transport of resources and goods, mining produces much of worlds minerals and resources from the ocean floor, tourism - overs 350 million people anually travel to coral reef coasts of the world, ocean is beautiful and spiritual
marine enviroment
aquatic enviroments with high level of dissolved salt, consists of differnet types of ecosystems and occur in 3 main areas of the earth
what are the 3 main areas for marine enviroments
coastal enviroments - neritic/littoral
open ocean - pelagic
sea floor enviroments - benthic
neritic zone
the region of shallow water (200 meters depth) above the continental shelf where light penetrates to the sea floor.
littorial zone
the area close to the shore and extending out to the edge of the continental shelf
pelagic zone
he region of the ocean outside the coastal areas
benthic zone
the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean, lake, or stream
examples of different types of marine enviroments and ecosystems
coral reef, rock pools, coastal lakes/esturies, deltas, rivers, coastal wetlands, abyssal planes, deep ocean trencehs
factors that determine the types of different ecosytems found
depth, light, pressure, oxygen, temperature, salt
guyot
A guyot, or seamount, is an undersea mountain.
Seamounts are formed by volcanic activity and can be taller than 10,000 feet
how is the ocean floor mapped
through sounding - when sound is sent froma ships transmitter to the ocean bottom at an angle, the sound bounces back to the sjip at the same angle and picked up by the receiver
speed of sound in water
1507 metres per second
formula for measuring ocean depth
D = V x 1/2 T
d= depth
t= time
v = speed of sound in water
DRSABCD
danger - response - send for help- airway - dreathing - CPR - defibrillation
first aid for snake bite, blue-ringed octopus, cone shell sting
- if on limb, apply broad pressure bandage over bite site
- apply firm heavy crepe or elasticised roller bandage starting just above fingers or toes and moving upwards on the bitten limb
- apply bandage as tightly as possible
- immobolise bandaged limb using splints
- seek medical aid
first aid for box jellyfish, irukandji, morbakka, jimble jellyfish, or other tropical jellyfish sting
- immediently flood entire stung area with vinegar for 30 seconds, do not use fresh water
- seek meical aid
first aid for bluebottle and other nontropical jellyfish stings, stinging fish, stingray, crowns of thornes starfish, sea urchin
- heat water to as hot as tolerable
- place stung area in hot water for 20min
3 remove breifly then reimmerse - repeat
- seek medical aid
first aid jelly fish sting
- apply cold pack for 15 minutes
- chnage coldpack when necessary
- seek medical aid if pain persists
what are tides
very long-period waves that move through the ocean in response to the forces exerted by the moon and sun
what causes tides
the gravitational forces between the earth, the moon and the sun.
how long does it take for the moon to rotate aroundthe earth
27.3 days
how long is a lunar day
24hrs and 50mins
how many high and low tides are there on average each day
2 high 2 low
does the moon or sun have greater gravitational effect
the moon, as it is closer. sun has significant effect when in alligment with the earth and the moon
spring tide
a tide just after a new or full moon, when there is the greatest difference between high and low tides
neap tides
a tide just after the first or third quarters of the moon when there is least difference between high and low water
sun and earth position for a spring tide
when sun, earth and moon are alligned
tidal range
the difference between high and low tide
how does full moon affect tides
Creating extra high high tides and extra low low tides
how does a new moon affect tides
larger tidal range
what happens to the tidal difference during 1st quater and last quater moon phase
smaller tidal range
how do tides affect marine enviroment
movement of wateer in and out of esteries, platform creatures rely on tide, animal movement, errosion, currents nutrients
estury
partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it
how do tides affect humans
water recreation, fishing, etc.
ecosystem
refers to all the plants and animals that live together in their enviroment
what is an enviroment made up of
all living things (biotic) and non living (biotic) elements
abiotic elements
nutrients, water, gases, sunlight
how do ecosystems get their energy
from the sun which is used as energy for photosynthesis by plants which is then eaten by animals and sitributed in the ecosystem
marine plants
phytoplankton, algea, sea grasses or kelp
food chains and food webs
show the flow of energy through an ecosystem - food webs show simple linear flow and dood webs show the multiple connections amoung different types of organisms
food chains are made up of….
decomposers, producers and consumers
producers
plants - autotrophs
consumers
animals - heterotrophs
decomposers
bacterisa, fungi, alegea, scavengers - heterotrophs
does the same amount of energy at the bottom make it to the top?
no, as little as 10% of the energy at the tropic level is transferred to the next lebel - rest is laergely lost through metabolic processes as heat of stored in tissue
trophic level
organims that eat the same types of food ina food chain belonging to the same trophiv level
what determines the number of consumers, trophic level and apex predators that can be supported
the size and energy and richness of the producer level
trophic pyramid
a pyramid that shows the loss of energy through the trophic pyramids s you move throug each level
bathymetry
the study of the “beds” or “floors” of water bodies, including the ocean, rivers, streams, and lakes
Continental shelf
a portion of a continent that is submerged under an area of relatively shallow water
Pelagic zone
ecological realm that includes the entire ocean water column
Pelagic zone
pelagic zone refers to the open, free waters away from the shore, where marine life can swim freely in any direction unhindered by topographical constraints
bathyal/ bathypelagic
relating to the zone of the sea between the continental shelf and the abyssal zone
abyssal / abbyssal pelagic
the depths or bed of the ocean, especially between about 3000 and 6000 metres down.
hadal
the zone of the sea greater than 6000 m in depth
continental slope
the slope between the outer edge of the continental shelf and the deep ocean floor.
abyssal plain
a flat region of the ocean floor, usually at the base of a continental rise
oceanic ridge
a long, seismically active submarine ridge system situated in the middle of an ocean basin and marking the site of the upwelling of magma associated with sea-floor spreading.
ocean trenches
long, narrow depressions on the seafloor
aphotic zone
the portion of a lake or ocean where there is little or no sunlight
photic zone
the uppermost layer of a body of water that receives sunlight, allowing phytoplankton to perform photosynthesis
ocean zonation
The classification of areas of the sea into different zones depending on the abiotic and biotic composition of factors that make the habitat unique.
examples of bathymetry
guyets, mountain ranges, volcanoes, trenches, canyons, abbysial plains
abyssal plain
an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between 3,000 metres and 6,000 metres
Ocean Circulation
the large scale movement of waters in the ocean basins. It is a key regulator of climate by storing and transporting heat, carbon, nutrients and freshwater all around the world.
What are the two types of ocean circulation
currents driven mainly by wind and currents mainly driven by density differences
effects of ocean circulation?
currents regulate global climate, helping to counteract the uneven distribution of solar radiation reaching Earth’s surface
effects of ocean circulation and example
heat is transported by currents and re-radiated, influencing regional air temperatures and climates all over the globe. For example, the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean brings heat from near the equator to Europe
what is ocean circulation
the large scale movement of water in the ocean basins and in sea surface currents
what drives ocean surface cirucaltion
surface winds
global thermohaline ciruclation
the cooling and sinking of waters in the polar regions
what does the movement of the water influence and allow for
influences the climate and weather of the continents as wella s distributes nutrients to the worlds oceans
example of th emovement of ocean currents
surface currents carry warm upper waters poleward forom the trophics. heat is dispursed from the waters to the atomoshpere and sinks to the deep ocean
where is more life found than anywhere on earth?
the deep sea
how does fangtooth fish detect any movement
prominent lateral line
what has toad fishs finds evolved into
feet
why do spidercrabs carry coral on their backlegs
as armor
what do organic matter in the sea floor dissolve into
chemicals
where do scienctists thing earth may have begun
southwest pacific ocean
what is the most important hydrothermal vetn and its locaiont / name
godzilla - mid atlantic ridge
list of organisms that exist in deep ocean
anglerfish, sea pig, fangtooth fish, sea toad, spider crab, zombie woms, giant isopod
Territorial sea baseline
refers to the line from which the seaward limits of australias maritime zones are measured
Coastal waters
belt of water between the limits of the land and ocean. within 200 nautical miles of the coast.
Territorial sea
any area of water over which a sovereign state has jurisdiction,
Contiguous zone
belt of water contiguous to the territorial sea, does not exceed 24 nautical miles from the territorial sea baseloine
Exclusice economic zone
area beyond the territorial sea. cannot exceed 200 nautical miels from the baseline of the territorial sea
Continential sheld
portion of a continent that is submerged under an area of relatively shallow water,
Nautical mile
used to measure the distance travled through water. is equivilant to 1.852 miles
sovereign rights
to have soverign power os to be beyond the power of others to interfere.
pelagic at end of term
makes it a water area not sea floor
sublittoral
the deeper part of the littoral portion of a body of water.
epimesopelagic
the sunlight zone - epi = skin = top - part of the ocean where there is enough sunlight for algae to utilize photosynthesis`
mesopelagic
the twilight zone - he intermediate depths of the sea, between about 200 and 1,000 metres - miso at twilight
bathypelagic
the midnight zone - between 1000 and 4000m deep - we take baths at midnight
abbyssalpelagic
the abyss - between 4000 and 10000m deep - abbys, there is nothing else
hadal pelagic
the trenches
nsw department of primary industries
-delivers scientific information to enable biodiversity conservationa nf sustainable nsw marine enviroments –researches marine habitats and ecosystems , climate change, threateded and protected species.
- nsw department of primary industrys also establishes and maintains marine parks which helps to aid marine biodiversity. There are six marine parks in australia cape byron, solitary islands, portstephens great lakes, lord howe island, Jervis bay, and batemans.
Green peace
- work towards several issues involving the marine enciroment such as arguing with big organisations to reduce their footprint and addressing unsustainable industrial fishing practices, climate change and ocean acidification.
-Green peace are currently fighting to create ocean sanctuaries in over 30% of the world oceans to protect it from human explotation duch as mining, fishing and waste disposal to allow for ocean ecosystems to recover.
