Term 1 Flashcards
Changes in societies in the Limpopo valley:
Happened in
900-1300 AD
Changes in societies in the Limpopo valley:Farmers in the Limpopo valley
880 AD
what happened then
Farmers lived here
Changes in societies in the Limpopo valley:Farmers in the Limpopo valley
Famers mainly kept what - why
Cattle - area was dry
Changes in societies in the Limpopo valley:Farmers in the Limpopo valley
Managed to grow what crops
Sorghum and cotton
Changes in societies in the Limpopo valley:Farmers in the Limpopo valley
Lived in what
Small villages
Changes in societies in the Limpopo valley:Farmers in the Limpopo valley
After 900 AD
what happened
Life began to change for farmers in this area
Changes in societies in the Limpopo valley:Farmers in the Limpopo valley
How
-did it change
Larger settlements + people became more powerful than others
Changes in societies in the Limpopo valley: Trade activity- 900 -1300 AD
Traded with who
Swahili traders
Changes in societies in the Limpopo valley: Trade activity- 900 -1300 AD
Came down from …
swahili traders came down from …
East coast of Africa
Changes in societies in the Limpopo valley: Trade activity- 900 -1300 AD
Was an important … … for … and …
was = trading
Important comercial network for Europe and Africa
Changes in societies in the Limpopo valley: Trade activity- 900 -1300 AD
Leart about each others …
when trading
Cultures
Changes in societies in the Limpopo valley: Trade activity- 900 -1300 AD
Cultures
is what
shared songs, languages, cooking/types of foods
Changes in societies in the Limpopo valley: Trade activity- 900 -1300 AD
Customs
is what
shared their way of life / traditions
Changes in societies in the Limpopo valley: Trade activity- 900 -1300 AD
Crafts
is what
Shared how to make goods - usually for selling
Changes in societies in the Limpopo valley: Trade activity- 900 -1300 AD
Sent trades on … … and …
Boats
Swahili dhows and arob dhows
Settlement in Lim. Valley before Mapung.: Evidence of trade - k2+schroda
K2 - place where what was found by who and where
A midden, by archaeologists, from a town where people lived
(from 900 - 1300 AD)
Settlement in Lim. Valley before Mapung.: Evidence of trade - k2+schroda
Midden
is what
Rubbish dump
Settlement in Lim. Valley before Mapung.: Evidence of trade - k2+schroda
Shroda
Name of what
A modern day farm where archaeologists found more important evidence
Settlement in Lim. Valley before Mapung.: Evidence of trade - k2+schroda
What was also found at k2 and schroda
thousands of glass beads
Settlement in Lim. Valley before Mapung.: Evidence of trade - k2+schroda
Where did glass beads come from - how long ago
India - 1000 years ago
Settlement in Lim. Valley before Mapung.: Evidence of trade - k2+schroda
How do we know where glass beads came from
We have two clues
Settlement in Lim. Valley before Mapung.: Evidence of trade - k2+schroda
Archaeologists found small pieces of … from … and … large … …
(clue 1)
Ivory, cutting, shaping, elephant tusks
Settlement in Lim. Valley before Mapung.: Evidence of trade - k2+schroda
Who became more powerful and why/how
(clue 2)
The Zhizo people, controlled the trade
Settlement in Lim. Valley before Mapung.: Evidence of trade - k2+schroda
Leaders used people to mine .. and to carry it with .. and … to the ..
Mine gold, with ivory and rhino horn to the coast
Settlement in Lim. Valley before Mapung.: Evidence of trade - k2+schroda
Farmers began to live where and around who
Began to live closer together in small towns around more powerful leaders
Mapungubwe: 1st state in Southern Africa - 1220 - 1300 AD
Leaders from K2 - became more … and soon were … a large … - …
Powerful, ruling a large kingdom called Mapugubwe kingdom
Mapungubwe: 1st state in Southern Africa - 1220 - 1300 AD
What was the king called
Mambo
Mapungubwe: significance of Mapungubwe hill
1220 AD - there was a … that caused …
A drought that caused tension between people in the kingdom
Mapungubwe: significance of Mapungubwe hill
What did king do about the drought
Decided to show his power by moving from the other people
Mapungubwe: significance of Mapungubwe hill
Where did he move
To the top of the Mapug. hill - just behind the K2 settlement
Mapungubwe: significance of Mapungubwe hill
What did his followers carry to the top of the hill and why
Sand - level it
Mapungubwe: significance of Mapungubwe hill
Who moved up with him
His wives, senior sister/diviner, advisers, healers and guards
Mapungubwe: King and sacred leadership
Who did the king have a special relationship with and what did it do
(they believed)
The gods and ancestors - gave him special right to rule
Mapungubwe: King and sacred leadership
What did moving remind everyone
That he had control over rain for crops, floods and drought
Mapungubwe: First stone-walled palace
What did the king build and why
Stone walls to screen off his homestead from the townspeople below.
Mapungubwe: First stone-walled palace
What did he emphasis and how
(he = king)
That he was more important than ordinary people making sure it was difficult to get to him
Mapungubwe: First stone-walled palace
How to access the king
(to get on the hill)
Climbing 1 of 3 ladders in the rock wall of the hill
Mapungubwe:Golden objects-symbols of royal power + political leadership
What was on top of hill
A burial ground
Mapungubwe:Golden objects-symbols of royal power + political leadership
Who was buried on top of hill and why
Royal family, making sure it stayed a special place
Mapungubwe:Golden objects-symbols of royal power + political leadership
What are royal fam. bodies buried with what and was a symbol of …
golden objects - symbol of the power of the king and family
Mapungubwe:Golden objects-symbols of royal power + political leadership
What did the golden objects also show
That he was richer than any of his subjects who lived in the town below and the surrounding area as farmers
Mapungubwe:Golden objects-symbols of royal power + political leadership
Gold - owned by who - symbolised what
Only by rich people, smbolised power
Mapungubwe:Golden objects-symbols of royal power + political leadership
3 objects made of gold found at the top of the hill
- Golden bowl
- Sceptre - held by king- showed he was powerful/important
- Rhino - rhinos were a sign of power/importance
Mapungubwe: An organised state
The farmers had to pay … - why
Tribute - to local chief - to king, who built a large stone palace
Mapungubwe: An organised state
Tribute
-is what - what did farmers get out of it
System of tax for the king - who in return looked after farmers in time of drought or war.
Mapungubwe: An organised state
Where was tribute also common
Egypt
Mapungubwe: First Town
Who lived with the king on the slopes
The wealthy and elite people
Mapungubwe: First Town
Where did the rest live and how many of them were there
(the rest = not the wealthy/elite people)
A town at the bottom of the hill - 5000 people
Mapungubwe: First Town
Why could the town not grow
(below the hill)
There were 2 natural rock walls on the N. and S. side of the town
Mapungubwe: First Town
Where did many people live and why
-the people that lived on the bottom of the hill
Along the banks of the Limpopo river - provided water for their farms
Mapungubwe: Distinct Social classes
Who was most elite group then who followed
(Distinct Social classes = not that inportant)
Royal family then religious leaders
Mapungubwe: Distinct Social classes
What did the king’s sister do
(Distinct Social classes = not that important)
Probably chief diviner
Mapungubwe: Distinct Social classes
Diviner
-is what
(Distinct Social classes = not that important)
Person who foretells the future
Mapungubwe: Distinct Social classes
Who made special metals like … , … , … , …
(Distinct Social classes = not that important)
Men of high staus made copper, gold, iron and brass
Mapungubwe: Distinct Social classes
How was metal made
(Distinct Social classes = not that important)
Rock containing the metal was heated at very high temp. until gold/iron was seperated from rock.
Precious metals were heated again and beaten into shape
Mapungubwe: Distinct Social classes
Copper made into ..
Objects and jewellery to trade
Mapungubwe: Distinct Social classes
Who could handle/wear gold
(Distinct Social classes = not that important)
People of very high status
Mapungubwe: Distinct Social classes
Iron - made what
(Distinct Social classes = not that important)
Arrowheads, adzes, chisels and axes
Mapungubwe: Distinct Social classes
Arrowheads
-for what
(Distinct Social classes = not that important)
For hunting
Mapungubwe: Distinct Social classes
Adzes
-is what
(Distinct Social classes = not that important)
Tool for smoothing and carving wood
Mapungubwe: Distinct Social classes
What did people use if they couldn’t aford iron tools
(Distinct Social classes = not that important)
Poor people had to use bone and stone tools for farming
Mapung.: Trade across Africa, Indian Ocean and beyond - goods traded
1220 - mambo controlled ….
Complete sentence
Mamba controlled the trade from the Limpopo Valley to the east coast
Mapung.: Trade across Africa, Indian Ocean and beyond - goods traded
Traders from Mapungubwe trade ….. with other … and … …
-complete sentence
Pottery, iron and stone with other farmers and hunter-gathers in the area
Mapung.: Trade across Africa, Indian Ocean and beyond - goods traded
Trade with the … and … traders on east coast did what do the kingdom
Swahili and the Arab traders enriched the kingdom
Mapung.: Trade across Africa, Indian Ocean and beyond - goods traded
People from Mapung. brought …, … and …
Gold, copper and ivory
Mapung.: Trade across Africa, Indian Ocean and beyond - goods traded
Where did gold come from
Mostly came from Limpopo River in (what we call now) Zimbabwe
Mapung.: Trade across Africa, Indian Ocean and beyond - goods traded
What were the goods traded for
Beads - very rare - great value
Mapung.: Trade across Africa, Indian Ocean and beyond - goods traded
Beads - used by who - gave what
(very important)
Used by wealthy people to buy cattle. Cattle could be exchanged for brides - gave children - worked fields and look after cattle
(process repeats)
Mapung.: People’s journeys on foot: routes; dangers; finding the way
Why was the Limp. river so useful
Was a useful route for traders as it led them to a trading port - Chibuene. Didn’t have to carry water walking along the banks which lightened their loads
Mapung.: People’s journeys on foot: routes; dangers; finding the way
Bearers carried the trade on ….. - for hong long
On their heads - hundreds of miles
Mapung.: People’s journeys on foot: routes; dangers; finding the way
How did bearers prevent hunger
Wearing “hunger belts”
Mapung.: People’s journeys on foot: routes; dangers; finding the way
How do hunger belts work
Pulled tight around waists when food was short to stop feeling hungry
Mapung.: People’s journeys on foot: routes; dangers; finding the way
Other dangers other than hunger
Wild animals + flooding rivers
Change and continuity in East coast trade with setlements inland
By 1300 what had happened
(Not that important)
KIng and his court had left the hill at Mapugubwe. The town also began to dissappear.
Change and continuity in East coast trade with setlements inland
what was 1 of the reasons for the kingdom ending
(Not that important)
Traders from the east coast began to travel along Zambezi river - North of the Limpopo
Change and continuity in East coast trade with setlements inland
What took the kingdoms place
(Not that important)
A new, even larger state - Great Zimbabwe
Change and continuity in East coast trade with setlements inland
Where did the east coast trade now go
(when the new kingdom emerged)
(Not that important)
They went to and from a new capital city
Change and continuity in East coast trade with setlements inland
How many people lived at the centre of a large kingdom
(great zimbabwe)
(Not that important)
18 000 people
Change and continuity in East coast trade with setlements inland
Between 1300 - 1450 AD where did the king of the Zimbabwe kingdom rule
(Not that important)
Over all of Zimbabwe, also parts of N. SA, botswana and Mozambique
Change and continuity in East coast trade with setlements inland
Zimbabwe
-comes from which language and means what
(Not that important)
From Shona language - means capital of a leader
Change and continuity in East coast trade with setlements inland
How many Zimbabwes were there
(Not that important)
200
Change and continuity in East coast trade with setlements inland
Each zimbabwe had it’s own …
(Not that important)
Ruler
Change and continuity in East coast trade with setlements inland
Who ruled/lived in a small zimbabwe
(Not that important)
District rulers
Change and continuity in East coast trade with setlements inland
Who were more important and ruled/lived in bigger zimbabwes
(Not that important)
Provincial rulers
Change and continuity in East coast trade with setlements inland
Who was the most important of all and lived/ruled in he biggest zimbabwe
(great zimbabwe)
(Not that important)
The king
Great Zimbabwe:
How did most of the people in the kingdom live as
Farmers
Great Zimbabwe:
People in villages and on farms - ruled by who
The king
Great Zimbabwe:
Many of the people worked for who and by doing what
For the king and royal family - as servants or administrator
Great Zimbabwe:
What have archaeologist found about from evidence from the ruins
What the capital city probably looked like and how people lived there
Great Zimbabwe:
Where do archaeologists think the king lived and why
On the hill - his home built on high ground shows he was important
Great Zimbabwe:
What was the kings home built of
Clay and thatch and there were great stone walls built all around it
Great Zimbabwe:
What did stone walls around king’s home show
They were there to show that an important person lived there
Great Zimbabwe:
Archaeologists only found rare objects e.g. _ when they excavated this _
Gold, soapstone bowls and broze spearheads when excavating this enclosure
Great Zimbabwe:
What were the rare objects symbols of
Leadership
Great Zimbabwe:
What shows that this area (with rare objects) was king’s official home
The objects and the arrangement of the house floors
Great Zimbabwe:
The big open space was called the _ . What was this space used for
Dare - king and his advisers met here to listen to legal cases and to make important decisions about the kingdom
Great Zimbabwe:
How did people get clay and what was it used for
They dug deep pits to get clay to build thier houses
Great Zimbabwe:
What have archaeologists found
(about the clay pits)
They have found these soil pits and house remains over a large area
Great Zimbabwe:
How far did Great Zimbabwe stretch for
(how long)
4 Kilometres
Great Zimbabwe:
What did archaeologists find when excavating house mounds
Pieces of household pottery, iron hoes, spearheads, knives, arrowheads and common ornaments such as glass beads and metal bangles.
Great Zimbabwe:
Excavating the house mounds told them who lived here - who did
Ordinary people - not chief or members of the royal family
The Great Enclosure:
What are the two uses that archaeologists think the G. E. was used for
G. E. = great enclosure
- Home of the king’s 1st wife
- School to teach customs to upper & lower classes
The Great Enclosure:
What do some archaeologists think the king did acording to the use
(use of the Great enclosure)
King left his home on the hill to live with his wife
The Great Enclosure:
The G.E. was the … biggest stone building in Africa
(if not first who came before it)
The 2nd - The pyramids in Egypt were 1st
The Great Enclosure:
What were the houses like that the ordinary people lived in
Small clay and thatch houses around big stone buildings. They were so close together the roofs touched
The Great Enclosure:
Who wrote about the dare system and when
Joao dos Santos in 1609
