Tentamen WO Flashcards
Describe what a Population, Sample and Sampling Frame is. Also, order them from biggest to smallest
Population = all elements that you make statements about in your research
sampling frame = a list of the whole population that could be included in your research (almost the same as the population)
sample = a portion of the population that takes part in the research (at least 30 respondents).
A philosophical paradigm is:
A set of shared assumptions or ways of thinking about some aspect of the world
What are the different types of sampling and describe them:
Probabilistic and Non-probabilistic sampling. Probablistic is where the subjects of the population get an equal opportunity to be selected as a representative sample. Non-probabilistic the odds are not equal, more to do with choice instead of random.
Which types of probabilistic sampling are there
- Random – every element has an equal chance of being selected.
- Systematic – use a random starting point and select every Nth element.
- Stratified – divide the population into sub populations (a.k.a. strata) and randomly select samples from these strata (not per strata, but a few elements from every strata).
- Cluster – involves ‘existing’ groups that naturally occur together in clusters (e.g. geographical location). These clusters are kind of ‘natural strata’.
Which types of non-probabilistic sampling are there
- Purposive – you deliberately choose the participant (e.g. invite authors of papers).
- Snowball – useful when the researcher doesn’t know how to gain access to the target group. You ask a person for suggestions, and he/she gives some names. They too give some names.
- Self-selection – participants volunteer themselves; they should match certain requirements.
- Convenience – arbitrarily ask people if they want to participate, because it is convenient (e.g. they live close, are familiar, have time, etc.). E.g. street interviews. Choosing based on convenience only would not be considered good research.
Why do you want your response rate to be high?
It minimizes bias, makes statistical analysis easier, and increases reliability
The clearest examples of research misconduct are
fabrication, falsification and plagiarism. What are they?
Fabrication = The invention of data or research results and reporting them as if they are fact.
Falsification = The manipulation of data or research material, equipment or processes to change, withhold or remove data or research results without justification.
Plagiarism = The use of another person’s ideas, work methods, results or texts without appropriate acknowledgement.
The deontological approach
That an individual has rights, such as privacy, that cannot be overridden, no matter the benefit to the wider community
All participants (including directly linked people, the researchers, and indirectly linked people) should
be treated fairly and with honesty. What are rights of the participants?
- Right to not participate
- Right to withdraw
- Right to anonymity
- Right to confidentiality (tell you something that may not end up in the research)
- Right to give informed consent (with a consent form)
Philosophical paradigm is:
And is formed by 2 things:
A set of shared assumptions or ways of thinking about some aspect of the world.
Ontology
Epistemology
Ontology is:
Epistemology is:
Epistemology is the study of beliefs about the origin and acquisition of knowledge.
Ontology is the study of beliefs about the nature of reality
What are three philosophical paradigms?
Positive research = The approach to research in the natural sciences
- ONTOLOGY: THERE IS ONLY ONE SINGLE REALITY OF TRUTH.
- EPISTEMOLOGY: INVESTIGATE IN AN OBJECTIVE WAY.
Interpretive research = research concerned with understanding the social context of an IS.
ONTOLOGY: THERE ARE MULTIPLE SUBJECTIVE REALITIES AND NO SINGLE TRUTH.
EPISTEMOLOGY: INVESTIGATE THROUGH SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONS SUCH AS LANGUAGE AND UNDERSTANDING. RESEARCHERS ARE NOT NEUTRAL. FOCUS IS ON UNDERSTANDING HOW THE WORLD WORKS.
Critical research = research concerned with identifying power relations, conflicts and contradictions, and empowering people to eliminate them as sources of alienation and domination.
ONTOLOGY: THERE ARE MULTIPLE SUBJECTIVE REALITIES AND NO SINGLE TRUTH. HOWEVER, SOCIAL REALITY POSSESSES OBJECTIVE PROPERTIES THAT TEND TO DOMINATE OUR EXPERIENCES AND WAYS OF SEEING THE WORLD.
EPISTEMOLOGY: INVESTIGATE THROUGH SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONS SUCH AS LANGUAGE AND UNDERSTANDING. RESEARCHERS ARE NOT NEUTRAL. MOREOVER, CRITICAL RESEARCHERS ALSO SEEK TO EMPOWER PEOPLE AND CHALLENGE THE STATUS QUO.
Explain
Population, sampling frame, sample
Population = all elements that you make statements about in your research
sampling frame = a list of the whole population that could be included in your research (almost the same as the population)
sample = a portion of the population that takes part in the research (at least 30 respondents).
What is Grounded theory
Grounded Theory = the researchers take the path of discovery by letting the emerging data indicate
what research steps will be taken next.
What experimental designs are there?
Pre-test/post-test control group:
Static group comparison:
One group, pre-test and post-test:
Solomon four group design:
Simulation (type of experiment) = a method for using computer software to model the operation of real-world processes, systems, or events. The idea: generate an artificial history of ‘a system’, and observe that artificial history to draw inferences about the real system that is represented.
