Tentamen Flashcards
The concepts population strategy (befolkningsstrategi) and high-risk strategy (högriskstrategi) is sometimes
used in public health. Explain these concepts and give two examples of each strategy.
Befolkningsstrategi - talar man om större grupper, eller befolkningar, åsyftar man masstrategi eller befolkningsstrategi. Dessa inriktar sig på större befolkningsgrupper utan att se till fördelningen av risker bland individerna i den. Ett exempel kan vara en kampanj i media om riskerna med sexuellt överförbara sjukdomar och hur man kan förebygga dessa, av skrämma rökning, allmänna restriktioner.
Högriskstrategi - en högriskstrategi inriktar sig på ett mindre antal individer i en befolkning som uppvisar speciella egenskaper, till exempel ökad risk för en viss sjukdom. Ett konkret exempel kan vara att ge kostråd till individer med höga blodfetter och arbeta för rökstopp, prioriterad vaccinering, cancerundersökningar.
When discussing intersectionality, there are different factors that may affect our power position in society.
Choose whether or not these factors are relevant for an individual’s power position in society:
Not relevant for power position in society/ Relevant for power position in society
- Body length
- Wearing glasses
- Spirituality
- Age
- Length of hair
- If you walk or go by car to work
- Gender
- Ethnicity
Relevant for power position in society
- Gender
- Ethnicity
- Spirituality
- Age
Not relevant for power position in society
- Length of hair
- Body length
- If you walk or go by car to work
- Wearing glasses
Education and work environment (arbetsmiljö) are two factors in the model of social determinants of health.
Describe how these factors might affect a person’s health.
Generellt människor från högre sociala skikt har bättre arbetsvillkor än människor från lägra sociala skikt. De från högra sociala skikt har bättre betalda jobb och mindre fysiska påfrestande arbete, är mer nöjda med sina jobb och har jobb som ger mer prestige.
Bland annat kan högre inkomst ge möjlighet till en hälsosam levnadsstandard, vilket är kopplat till utbildning. Har man svåra arbetsvillkor ger det mindre energi och överskott till förändring (arbetsmiljö)
A frequently used measurement (mått) in health economic evaluations is the quality adjusted life year (QALY).
What aspects are included in this measurement?
Modell för kvalitetsjusterande levnadsår. Aspekterna som man kollar på är mobilitet, egenvård, aktivitet, smärta/obehag och ångest/depression
Below you will find two well-known definitions of health from the World Health Organization (WHO).
a. ”Not merely the absence of disease, but a state of complete physical, mental, spiritual and social wellbeing” (WHO 1948)
b. “…..Health is, therefore, seen as a resource for everyday life, not the object of living. It is a positive
concept emphasizing social and personal resources as well as physical capabilities.” (WHO 1986)
Write a short reflection regarding these definitions (maximum 200 words). Your reflection must include the
following concepts (begrepp): Objective assessment of health (objektiv bedömning av hälsa), subjective assessment of health (subjektiv bedömning av hälsa) and health promotion (hälsofrämjande). For full points, the concept must be used correctly and be related to the definitions of health.
Objektiv bedömning av hälsa : bedömning utan känslor inblandade (som en robot = alltid samma bedömning oavsett person som bedömer). Till de objektiva tillhör yrke, bostad, familj och somatisk (kroppsliga, ej psykiska) hälsa.
Subjektiv bedömning av hälsa : bedömning med känslor och upplevelse inblandat. Till de subjektiva faktorerna hör upplevelser och sinnesstämning till.
Hälsofrämjande : Hälsofrämjande arbete syftar till att främja hälsa och stärka eller bibehålla människors fysiska, psykiska och sociala välbefinnande. Detta genom att stärka tilltron till den egna förmågan och öka kontrollen över den egna hälsan.
The term Relative Risk (RR) is important in epidemiology. In a scientific article you read that the Relative Risk
for occupational (arbetsrelaterad) stress is 1.25 for group A compared to group B. Which of the following
alternative is correct?
Select one alternative:
- Group A has 75 % lower risk for occupational stress than group B.
- Group A has 25 % lower risk for occupational stress than group B.
- Group A has 125 % higher risk for occupational stress than group B.
- Group A has 25 % higher risk for occupational stress than group B.
- Group A has 25 % higher risk for occupational stress than group B.
In the annual report from the Swedish Public Health Agency, about the development of public health 2019, the following is stated:
“Overweight and obesity are increasing during the period 2006-2018. In 2018 more than 50 percent are overweight or obese. Both overweight and obesity are increasing among women and men, and in 2018, 15 percent of the women and 16 percent of the men aged 16-84 years are obese”
Which epidemiological term could be used to describe the bolded text?
Select one alternative:
A. relative risk
B. incidence
C. prevalence
C. Prevalence
Write a short reflection (200 words) regarding SELF RELATED HEALTH and HEALTH PROMOTION. Discuss the importance of knowledge about concepts as a nurse towards the patient.
Full points - The concept is used correctly and related to the nurse profession.
(6 Poäng)
Frisk och mår bra - Frisk men mår dåligt
Sjuk men mår bra - Sjuk och mår dåligt
Koncept i hälsofrämjande arbete finns och är oftast beprövat och evidensbaserat vilket tyder på positiva resultat om vi använder dessa korrekt.
Research in epidemiology often use different kind of observational study designs. When interpreting (tolkning)
the results, it is important to consider the possible risk of confounding. Explain the term confounding.
Förväxlingsfaktor eller störfaktor. Confounding uppstår när ett orsakssamband som man studerar påverkas av en eller flera länkade confounders som inte beaktats.
The picture next to the question, is from the OECD-report “Health at a glance: Europe 2018. The picture shows
the gap in life expectancy at age 30 between people with the lowest and highest level of education. The chart
is divided by sex, with the gap in life expectancy in different countries for women to the left and for men to the
right. On average in the EU (EU21 in the picture), the gap in life expectancy between the lowest and highest
level of education for women is 4.1 year. The corresponding gap for men is 7,7 years.
- Discuss possible reasons for the gap in life expectancy between people with low and high education. Note,
you are not supposed to discuss differences between women and men. (4p) - Discuss possible reasons for the differences between countries regarding the gap in life expectancy. (2p)
- Bra utbildning - ger genereltt bättre lön, bättre socioekonismk status. Bättre tillgång till sjukvård.
- Hur välutvecklad välfärden är i landet.
The term Relative Risk (RR) is important in epidemiology. In a scientific article you read that the relative risk for occupational stress is 0,85 for group A compared to group B.
Which of the following alternative is correct?
- Group A has 85 % lower risk for occupational stress than group B.
- Group A has 15 % lower risk for occupational stress than group B.
- Group A has 15 % higher risk for occupational stress than group B.
- Group A has 85 % higher risk for occupational stress than group B.
- Group A has 15 % lower risk for occupational stress than group B.
Explain the epidemiological term prevalence?
Mätvärde för sjukdomens status.
What term is often used to describe inequalities (ojämlikhet) in health between different groups in society?
- The social determinants of health
- The social gradient in health
- The staircase of health
- The social determinants of health
Socio-economic status is USUALLY defined by:
Age T/F
Number of children T/F
Income T/F
Occupation (yrke) T/F
Education T/F
Age - Falskt
Number of children - Falskt
Income - Sant
Occupation (yrke)- Sant
Education - Sant
An increased risk of unhealth is common among people migrating from war, oppression (förtryck), or poverty (fattigdom). Give three examples of conditions or diseases, whose signs and symptoms you need to be extra observant of when meeting these patients.
• Skin diseases (e.g.scabies)
• Parasites (lice, protozoa, helminths, or arthropods)
• Under‐or malnutrition
• Depression
• Anxiety
• Post‐traumatic stress
• PTSD
• Pain (local or diffuse)