Tenta 18/2 2023

Question 1

Epistemology is the theory of how scientists acquire knowledge. Which of the following statements is correct?

Answer 1

The positivist perspective is characterized by objectivity, that the researcher and what they are studying are independent of each other, and data is primarily quantitative.

Question 2

The ontological perspectives positivism and constructivism (also interpretivism, anti-positivism, relativism, etc.), can be envisioned along a spectrum:
Positivism ———————————————————————————————- Constructivism.
The perspectives are associated with different views on how the world works. Which of the following is more associated with a positivist perspective?

Answer 2

Measurement

Question 3

Professors Wedlin and Sallis to some degree represent the poles of the Philosophy of Science spectrum of constructivism (Wedlin) and positivism (Sallis). Why are they both skeptical of the word “facts” and they both emphasize the importance of the word “evidence”?

Answer 3

Research, no matter which perspective, can always have flaws. In statistics, this could be represented by the trade-off between type I and type II error. Conclusions should be based on findings and evidence. Social scientists claiming facts should be treated with skepticism.

Question 4

What are a few of the norms we follow in pursuit of conducting ethical research?

Answer 4

Not harming participants, respecting privacy, and ensuring transparency so that the research can be evaluated.

Question 5

Does argumentation play any role in presenting research?

Answer 5

Of course. You argue for your claims based on your data, your logic, and possibly the theory you are working with.

Question 6

In the Sallis et al. (2021) textbook there is a diagram showing a theoretical plane and an empirical plane. How does the operational definition of a construct relate to the theoretical definition?

Answer 6

It refines the theoretical definition into something measureable.

Question 7

Ontology, epistemology, and methodology are connected. The assumptions we make regarding how we perceive reality provide guidance on how we acquire knowledge about reality, and thus, what kind of methods we apply. In the process of gaining knowledge through scientific methods, we often shift perspectives depending on the research question.
From a constructivist (anti-positivist) perspective, is it possible for an excellent researcher to be objective?

Answer 7

No

Question 8

Is theory the outcome of data collection when applying an inductive approach?

Answer 8

Yes

Question 9

If you wanted to investigate a well-understood and well-defined phenomenon, which approach are you likely to use in your research?

Answer 9

Deductive

Question 10

Charting the territory means to learn about the topic area, which includes looking for previous conceptual papers and research studies. In social sciences, research questions:

Answer 10

May motivate theory development

Question 11

How could you describe a research question and related hypotheses?

Answer 11

You may answer a research question by posing hypotheses. The hypotheses must be empirically testable.

Question 12

When evaluating a research question, it is important that it:
.

Answer 12

Is relevant, researchable, and represents a gap in knowledge.

Question 13

What is the research design?

Answer 13

It is the plan for how a research project will be conducted.

Question 14

What is a cross-sectional research design and what is one of its greatest weaknesses?

Answer 14

Data is collected at a specific point in time, so concluding causal inference is weak.

Question 15

With respect to Professor Wedlin’s lecture on research design, which statement DOES NOT describe why a research design is needed?
A research design:

Answer 15

Facilitates the formation of a research question that is relevant and researchable.

Question 16

Constructs can have theoretical definitions and operational definitions. What is the purpose of operationalizing a construct?

Answer 16

Operationalization specifies how a construct will be measured.

Question 17

True experiments with randomly assigned subjects and control groups are unusual in social sciences, including economics and business studies. More often, you will see quasi- experimental designs like the Mexican music and sales of Mexican food example. The subjects (the people shopping) were not randomly assigned to shop in stores with/without Mexican music playing. In 2019 and again in 2021, the Nobel Prize winners for economics employed what is now widely known as “natural experiments”. Professor Wedlin talked about this. What is a natural experiment?

Answer 17

An event occurs to a specific group of people outside the control of the researchers, but in such a way as to resemble random assignment. Data is collected from before and after the event, and CAUSALITY is established.

Question 18

Which answer best describes a case-study design?

Answer 18

It emphasizes a full contextual analysis of a few events or conditions and their interrelations.

Question 19

Of these statistical methods, which one is associated with a causal research design?

Answer 19

Regression

Question 20

Which answer would best fit the inductive approach?

Answer 20

The researcher, through a literature review, finds that there is a lack of theory explaining a certain phenomenon.

Question 21

The interview method is appropriate when:

Answer 21

The researcher wants to get deep knowledge about a certain phenomenon.

Question 22

Is theory the outcome of data collection when applying an inductive approach?

Answer 22

Yes

Question 23

You do a study amongst students in the business program about loyalty to smartphone brands. You measure their satisfaction, trust, and brand attachment to their current phone, and ask them whether they intend to buy the same brand on a scale from 1 to 7, where 1 is “absolutely no” and 7 is absolutely yes”. What statistical analysis would you use to test purchase intent?

Answer 23

Regression

Question 24

The method chapter:

Answer 24

Should in detail describe how the research has been conducted, such as who did what, how, and when.

Question 25

Which term describes combining several qualitative and/or quantitative methods?

Answer 25

Triangulation

Question 26

You think people are fixated on weight differences of models in clothes advertising. You do an experiment where you photoshop a training clothes advertisement to manipulate perceived body weight. You get 100 people and randomly show them one of the two photoshopped advertisements. Then, they answer a short questionnaire about their perception of the advertisement and you ask their intention to buy the product (the dependent variable). What statistical analysis would you use in this experimental research design to test the effect on the dependent variable?

Answer 26

Regression analysis

Question 27

Research can be classified as either inductive or deductive. What sort of research methods are most commonly associated with a inductive research approach?

Answer 27

Qualitative methods

Question 28

What sort of research methods are most commonly associated with a deductive research approach?

Answer 28

Quantitative methods

Question 29

You do an experiment where you photoshop a training clothes advertisement to manipulate perceived body weight. You get 100 people and randomly divide them into two groups. You show each group one of the two photoshopped advertisements. Then, they answer a short questionnaire about their perception of the advertisement and how attractive they think the model is. You use a scale where you can calculate averages.
What statistical analysis would you use to test the average difference between the groups?

Answer 29

Independent samples t-test

Question 30

A researcher conducted interviews in order to develop a theory about customer-supplier relationships. She asked each respondent to describe the relationship in her/his own words without specific questions or prompting. What type of interview format did she use?

Answer 30

Unstructured

Question 31

For an interview guide, which format (open or structured) would best fit the inductive approach?

Answer 31

Questions should reflect the research question, open or structured is not relevant.

Question 32

James has a keen interest in bees and has three beehives in his yard. At their peak, each hive has about 80 000 bees. He is concerned that people in the neighborhood might be nervous about living next to 240 000 bees. He created a small survey and emailed it to a couple of his neighbors. In the email he asked that they please share the survey with their friends. He hopes the survey gets passed along enough times to get a final sample of about 100 responses. What is this sampling method called?

Answer 32

Snowball.

Question 33

Assume that there are 500 people in a population and they are all on a list. You want a random sample of 50. You add the first 10 names to a hat and have a friend randomly pick one of the names. Starting with that name, you take every tenth person thereafter. In this way, you get
a sample of 50. What kind of sample is this?

Answer 33

Probability sample.

Question 34

My PhD thesis was about fish consumption. One way I collected data was to invite 8 friends for a fish dinner that I had prepared. During dinner, we discussed a set of topics that I had prepared ahead of time. I took a lot of notes during dinner. What kind of data collection was this?

Answer 34

A focus group.

Question 35

Only 40 people answered a survey that was sent to 200 people, to give a response rate of 20%. The people who did not answer might be systematically different from those who did. What is this kind of bias called?

Answer 35

Non-response bias

Question 36

James made a survey to send to Campus Gotland students. Statistically speaking, this is
the population. He has a current list of all CG students, including their contact information. He will take a sample from the list and send out the survey. What is the list called?

Answer 36

The sampling frame

Question 37

When creating a questionnaire, what is a good way to make sure you properly cover the dimensions of each construct?

Answer 37

Start by looking at existing questionnaires on similar topics or theories

Question 38

When you are charting the territory you become, to some degree, embedded in the topic. The Gioia, Corely, and Hamilton (2012) article talked of the importance in qualitative research to, “get in there and get your hands dirty (p. 19)”. They also highlighted the risk of getting too close and “going native.” What did they mean?

Answer 38

Adopting the informant’s view and losing your higher-level perspective.

Question 39

Which statement best describes qualitative data coding?

Answer 39

It is the process of organizing and labeling data.

Question 40

One way to describe coding is finding your way from “raw data” to “making a statement”. Coding methods we looked at included Grounded Theory, Thematic Coding, and the Gioia Method. Coding is:

Answer 40

Most often inductive going from data to theory, but can be applied deductively to test a theory by looking for qualitative findings in the data.

Question 41

When drawing on existing theoretical frameworks and a priori ideas in the coding:

Answer 41

You get help with structuring your coding/analysis, but you risk “boxing in” or “shoehorning” your answers, while missing out on other patterns and explanations.

Question 42

When you code your data according to the Gioia, Corely & Hamilton method, which coding approach is most appropriate?

Answer 42

You move from data-text (empirics) to higher analytical levels by aggregating and condensing.

Question 43

Coding is a creative process in which you:

Answer 43

Work with data in order to find patterns so that you can make sense of a certain phenomenon.

Question 44

In a survey, managers were asked whether or not they have a management degree. Which level of measurement is this?

Answer 44

Nominal

Question 45

In a survey about healthy living and stress, managers were asked their weight and height. Which level of measurement is this?

Answer 45

Ratio

Question 46

In a survey about managerial stress, managers were asked whether or not they have high blood pressure. Which level of measurement is this?

Answer 46

Nominal

Question 47

You learned about four levels of measurement. Why do you almost always want to measure variables at the highest level possible?

Answer 47

Higher levels of measurement allow for more advanced statistics.

Question 48

In statistics, when considering a normal distribution, what is an outlier?

Answer 48

An observation that is far out on one of the tails.

Question 49

Descriptive high observ 2 SM
In the Descriptive statistics table, what is the highest observation (value reported by a respondent) for Experience?

Answer 49

Look at maximum

Question 50

What does the median indicate for the variable company size as measured by the number of employees?

Answer 50

It is a nonparametric statistic that indicates the center of the data.

Question 51

The new government in Sweden is caught in a dilemma. The government and most experts agree that the Swedish economy is about to go into recession. Recession means that economic activity is slowing and the economy may even shrink. Normally, the government would increase spending which would hopefully increase economic activity. The dilemma is that this may also increase inflation. According to this logic, how would you describe the correlation between government spending and economic activity?

Answer 51

Positive correlation.

Question 52

You will be running a regression with the variables in the correlation matrix. Which correlations will show whether there is any danger of multicollinearity?

Answer 52

The correlations between what will be the independent variables.

Question 53

In a Pearson correlation matrix, why are the correlations on the diagonal equal to 1?

Answer 53

Because that is the value you get when you correlate a variable with itself: perfect positive correlation.

Question 54

How do correlation coefficients show causality?

Answer 54

Causality cannot be inferred from a correlation coefficient.

Question 55

What are the sub-dimensions of construct validity?

Answer 55

Discriminant and convergent validity.

Question 56

Validity and reliability are important in science. With respect to measurement, what are they

Answer 56

Validity is how well a measure reflects what it intends to measure, and reliability refers to whether the measurement is consistent with previously used measures.

Question 57

In regression, specification error refers to including irrelevant independent variables, not including important independent variables, or choosing the wrong functional form. In layman terms we talked about too long and too short models. Which of the following statements is true?

Answer 57

A too long model reduces the precision of the beta coefficients, whereas a too short model causes a systematic bias in the parameter estimates.

Question 58

Ontology

Answer 58

Examines the nature of reality, discussing realism versus nominalism and how our understanding of existence affects research.

Question 59

Epistemology

Answer 59

Defines knowledge as justified true belief, weighing rationalist (knowledge via reason) and empiricist (knowledge via observation) perspectives.

Question 60

Methodology

Answer 60

Differentiates nomothetic (general laws) from ideographic (context-specific) approaches.

Question 61

Logical positivism

Answer 61

Emphasizes empirical verification and logical structure, focusing on statements that can be observed and validated.

Question 62

Relativism

Answer 62

Asserts that knowledge is subjective, constructed socially and linguistically.

Question 63

Pragmatism

Answer 63

Defines knowledge by its practical consequences, favoring actions and outcomes over strict adherence to theoretical frameworks

Question 64

Realism:

Answer 64

Suggests that science describes real mechanisms and structures, even if they’re unobservable, aiming for an objective portrayal of the world