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LCA > Tenta > Flashcards

Tenta Flashcards

1
Q

Data quality requirements, Representativity

A

Time coverage
Technology coverage
Geographic coverage
State or effect of change (average or marginal data)

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2
Q

Data quality requirements, Uncertainty

A

Precision
Completeness

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3
Q

Data quality requirements good phrasing

A

as complete, reliable and recent as possible. A pedigree matrix might be used to evaluate the data

(Average if ALCA marginal if CLCA.)

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4
Q

Reporting and critical review

A

The report could either be for internal use and improvement, or public for use in environmental market communication. If the report is for external use, it should be critically reviewed regarding correctness and transparency. Even if no critical review is required, the report would still benefit from review by experts on the proposed materials and manufacturers

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5
Q

Which type of allocation should be first choice and why?

A

Allocation based on physical principles should be the first choice according to the ISO standard. In this case both mass and energy allocation could be used, although data are missing for doing a proper energy allocation. Mass allocation would thus be a good choice based on the argument given above

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6
Q

When can economic allocation be suitable?

A

Economic allocation could also be used because the business concept is developed with the purpose of making money. It can also be argued to use it due to a large price difference between the products (similar to mining of e.g. Pt next to Cu).

Since it reflects the value of the products. Probably, it is the economic value of the product and byproducts that keep the palm oil production going, thus causing the energy use, and should therefore be used to allocate that energy use.

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7
Q

How can allocation be avoided?

A

Avoiding allocation via partitioning can be accomplished via system subdivision or system expansion.

That is, enough detail should be applied in the LCA model to avoid allocation, or the system should be expanded by considering the conventional alternatives for the production of adipic acid and lutein (and possibly an alternative energy source to account for the possible excess lignin that is being used).

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8
Q

GWP unit CO2, which impact category?

A

Global warming

Do not say potential if asked for impact category!!

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9
Q

AP unit SO2, which impact category?

A

Acidification

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10
Q

EP unit PO4, which impact category?

A

Eutrophication

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11
Q

POCP unit C2H4, which impact category?

A

Photo-chemical ozone creation

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12
Q

If in an impact assessment different scenarios are shown (best case, worst case etc.), what should be mentioned when discussing how representative on of the cases are?

A

Knowledge of the system

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13
Q

Dominance analysis

A

Analysis where the impact from different activities of the processes are compared

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14
Q

How to motivate that it is cradle-to-gate?

A

production is in focus and further use is not considered

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15
Q

Name one thing which is important for a fore- and background to avoid a mismatch

A

They should be situated at the same point in time in the future. If this is not the case, the results indeed show such a mismatch which may lead to a wrong interpretation and ultimately a wrong decision based on these results.

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16
Q

Contribution analysis

A

Similar to dominance analysis but the environmental loads (instead of activities) which contribute most to the total environmental impact

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17
Q

break-even analysis

A

used to investigate trade-off environmental impacts that are related to the use of the studied products

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18
Q

decision maker analysis

A

identification of different companies/organisations that carry out the different activities in the product system and extent of the environmental impact under their control

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19
Q

Ways to test robustness of results (6)

A

completeness check
consistency check
uncertainity analysis
sensitivity analysis
variation analysis
data quality assessment

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20
Q

DLUC

A

direct Land Use Change

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21
Q

PLCA

A

prospective Life Cycle Assessment

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22
Q

AoP

A

Areas of Potection

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23
Q

FU

A

Functional Unit

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24
Q

LCI

A

Life Cycle Inventory

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25
Q

CF

A

Characterization Factor / Carbon Footprint

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26
Q

FEP

A

Freshwater Eutrophication Potential

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27
Q

EPD

A

Environmental Production Declaration

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28
Q

DfX

A

Design for X

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29
Q

PCR

A

Product Category Rules

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30
Q

Goal & scope definition

A

The first step in doing an LCA in which the goal (what, why, for who, purpose (specific question) (the contextual aspects), and the scope (the modelling aspects), e.g. functional unit, system boundaries, impact categories, allocation approaches, etc. are defined

31
Q

Describe Scope 2 GHG emissions

A

Indirect GHG emissions from purchased electricity

32
Q

Describe Unit process

A

It is “the atom of an LCI model” and describes what the inputs (elementary flows from nature (e.g. resource use), product flows from other unit processes, waste flows from other unit processes) to and outputs from (elementary flows to nature (e.g. CO2 emissions), product and waste flows to other unit processes) this process are.

33
Q

Describe Classification

A

The step in life cycle impact assessment in which the elementary flows are classified according to their potential contribution to an impact category.

34
Q

System boundaries: natural system

A

land occupation/transformation included, if needed

35
Q

System boundaries: geographical system

A

It is explicitly mentioned that the complete life cycle of the product takes place in the same location as for manufacturing. Resource extraction can take place elsewhere

36
Q

System boundaries: time horizon/Temporal system

A

determined by the life time of the product as whole

37
Q

Assumptions and limitations:

A

Allocation may be needed for…
Transportation of raw material resources is done by truck, train, or ship(e.g. fossil resources).
Access to primary data on manufacturing is guaranteed
The use phase is x years depending on the intentional use .

38
Q

What is midpoint indicator?

A

indicate effects early in cause-effect chain

39
Q

What is endpoint indicator?

A

Indicate damage to selected areas of protection later in cause-effect chain

Damage to human health, damage to ecosystems and damage to resource availability

40
Q

What are the two common strategies for the selection of life cycle impact categories?

A

1 Shotgun all impact categories that are part of the given method (something can be missed or be overwhelming for audience)
2 Sniper short list of targeted impact categories that are specifically chosen

41
Q

Pros and cons of weighting

A

Advantages: Helps to resolve trade-offs and ease interpretation and communication. Useful in other environmental systems tools.
Disadvantages: Includes value judgement and is is barred in the ISO standard for “comparative assertions disclosed to the public”

42
Q

Scenarios can be predictive, explorative or normative. Explain what each type of scenario aims to achieve

A

Predictive: what will happen;
explorative: what could happen;
normative: what should happen.

43
Q

Signs that a case is explorative

A

Different possible futures are modelled. This indicates that these futures could happen and that thus an explorative approach is taken.

44
Q

iLUC

A

Indirect Land Use Change

45
Q

ADP

A

Abiotic resource Depletion Potential

46
Q

eq

A

equivalents

47
Q

LCIA

A

Life Cycle Impact Assessment

48
Q

C-LCA

A

Consequential-LCA

49
Q

GWP20

A

Global Warming Potential over 20 years

50
Q

DQR

A

Data Quality Requirement

51
Q

PDF

A

Potential Disappearing Fraction of species

52
Q

Describe The LCA framework

A

An established procedure for LCA, comprising the goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation steps

53
Q

Describe System boundary

A

The (technical) boundary that delimits the product system under study from the natural environment and other product systems

54
Q

Describe Elementary flow

A

Flows between the environment and the technosphere

55
Q

System boundaries: tehnical system

A

See initial flowchart, Capital goods and personell
expluced.

56
Q

Describe functional unit

A

A unit that expresses the function of a product system quantitatively and serves as a basis for product comparisons

57
Q

Carbon footprint

A

LCA study with respect to greenhouse gases only.

(Can also mean greenhouse gas emissions from other types entities, using other system boundaries, e.g. the carbon footprint of an organisation)

58
Q

Reason for critical review

A

correctness and transparency

59
Q

Between which outputs should allocation be?

A

Bw products for multi output, not for losses

60
Q

How to find hotspots in result analysis?

A

The tallest bars!

61
Q

Abiotic resource depletion
potential

A

Midpoint impact assessment method for abiotic resources, such as minerals and metals

62
Q

Land use change

A

Alterations of land that can cause environmental impacts

63
Q

Disability-adjusted life years

A

A measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability or early death

64
Q

Area of protection

A

The endpoints / safeguard subjects of an LCA, specifically human health, the natural environment and natural resources

65
Q

Restriction on hazardous
substances

A

EU directive prohibiting the use heavy metals and other chemicals in electric and electronic equipment

66
Q

Global warming potential

A

Characterization factor for the climate change impact category

67
Q

Life cycle inventory analysis

A

The second phase of the LCA framework, including data gathering as well as calculation of input and output flows

68
Q

Functional unit

A

Unit that expresses the function of a product system quantitatively and serves as a basis for product comparisons

69
Q

Characterization factor

A

Parameters based on impact pathway models that reflect the environmental or resource impact of the emissions or resource

70
Q

Describe CLCA

A

Change-oriented type of LCA that quantifies the environmental consequenses of an action

71
Q

Describe Inventory table

A

Table showing life cycle inventory analysis results in terms
of inputs and outputs per functional unit

72
Q

describe ReCiPe

A

A package of impact assessment methods covering midpoint, endpoint and weighting

73
Q

Describe weighting

A

The aggregation of all environmental and resource impacts into a single score

74
Q

Name 10 impact categories

A
  • Global warming
  • Eutrophication
  • Acidification
  • photochemical ozone creation
  • Energy use
  • Land use
  • Water use
  • Fossil resource depletion
  • Abiotic resource depletion
  • Biodiversity

LCA (1 decks)

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