Tenta Flashcards

1
Q

You are nursing a child in the child department with high fever. What interventions do you take and in which order? Motivate. 5p

A
  1. Undersöka anledning bakom varför barnet har feber. Vilka andra symtom finns det? Finns risk för allvarliga infektioner?
  2. Se till intag av vätska, risk för dehydrering
  3. Sval miljö (20-22 Celcius) och lämpliga kläder (inte för tjocka, heller ej helt utan)
  4. Vid hög feber (om barnet ter sig påverkat eller inte äter eller 39C) kan antipyretika ges för att dämpa febern om barnet är mycket påverkad, t.ex. Paracetamol, Acetaminophen om barnet är över 3 månader och Ibuprofen om ungen är över 6 månader.
  5. Involvera och informera föräldrar, de känner sitt barn bäst.
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2
Q

Which of following has the greatest role in adversely affecting (kan påverka mest negativt) a child’s health?

Select one alternative:

  • Environmental influences
  • Religious influences
  • Socioeconomic status
  • Cultural background
A
  • Socioeconomic status
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3
Q

You are a nurse and are to examine a 2 year old child. What should you start with in the examination?

Select one alternative:

  • Chest auscultation
  • Abdominal palpation
  • Oral examination
  • Otoscopic examination
A
  • Chest auscultation
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4
Q

The FLACC-scale is another pain assessment tool that is used in child management. What does the abbreviation (förkortningen) stand for?

  • Face, Legs, Acuity, Cry & Comfortability
  • Face, Legs, Acuity, Cry & Consolability
  • Face, Legs, Anxiety, Cry & Consolability
A
  • Face, Legs, Acuity, Cry & Consolability

(Nya: Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability)

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5
Q

How do you perform cardiac and pulmonary resuscitation (Hjärt- och lungräddning) on a five year old child? Describe in correct order step by step. Do not involve the situation and context (sammanhanget), where it happened and other people. Include a time perspective. 5p

Write your answer below, preferably in a numbered list.

A
  1. Kontroller livstecken, kolla andning HLR SKA EJ UTFÖRAS OM MÄNNISKAN ANDAS finns inget starta HLR
  2. Skapa fri luftväg, en hand på pannan och två fingrar under hakan, böj huvudet lätt bakåt om barnet är över 1 år.
  3. Larma och ge fem inblåsningar, inblåsning 1 sekund och bröstkorgen ska höjas med 1 cm.
  4. Kontrollera livstecken igen om barnet rör på sig eller hostar
  5. Om inte, ge kompressioner som är 1/3 av bröstkorgen, i takten 100-120 slag/minut.
  6. Kompressioner och inandningar ges i 15:2 (kompressioner : inblåsningar)

(0-1 år, spädbarn HLR andas genom mun och näsa 5+15:2. 1-18, barn HLR 5+15:2. 18+ vuxen HLR 30:2).

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6
Q

The Face pain scale is primary used in preterm and full-term infants to assess pain.

  • True
  • False
A
  • False, FLACC används istället, vilket är 2 månader till 18 år. Dock generellt till 8 år för sedan kommer VAS/NRS i bruk.

Face pain scale används 3 år +

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7
Q

Describe five different common allergic reactions (not diseases). Describe the clinical manifestations as detailed as possible. 5p

A

HUDRODNAD - Kan bero på exempelvis kemiska ämnen som histamin, serotonin, tyramin och trypamin som finns i fisk, ost, salami, tomat, banan och choklad som påverkar blodkärlen.

PROBLEMATIK MED ANDNING - vid allergisk reaktion som påverkar luftvägarna drabbas andningen på grund av trång gång i strupen (allergisk reaktion), detta speglas i kippande andningsljud och hosta.

VATTNING SNUVA OCH NÄSTÄPPA - Kan exempelvis bero på kvalster som är små spindeldjur som trivs i sängen vid fuktigt och varmt klimat.

RÖDA, KLIANDE ÖGON - Kan exempelvis orsakas av pollen som är av typ-1 allergi (IgE). Eller av kvalster, se ovan.

BUKSMÄRTA - Kan exempelvis bero på enzymbrist i tunntarmsslemhinnan, exempelvis vid brist av laktas. Även kallat laktosintolerans.

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8
Q

Blood pressure is measured in mmHg. In what age is 90 systolic /60 diastolic a normal blood pressure?

Select one alternative:

  • 5 years old
  • 10 years old
  • 6-12 months old
  • 0-6 months old
A
  • 6-12 months old
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9
Q

To check the temperature rectally is best if you want to measure the core temperature in a child. In intensive care there are other ways. Give two examples of measure sites that are only used in intensive care. 2p

A

Via KAD, om ej möjligt går det via en esofagustemp (matstrupen) eller lungartären, art. pulmonalis (vårdhandboken stod det i Lukas 💋).

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10
Q

Preschool children often get upper airway infections which sometimes causes fever. However, what is the main reason that small children develop fever more often than adults? 2p

A

Feber är mycket vanligt. Det är en del av hur kroppen bekämpar infektioner. Det genomsnittliga barnet får flera virusinfektioner per år - vilket innebär flera feber omgångar, än en vuxen. De allra flesta feber perioderna är inget att oroa sig för, och går över på en dag eller två.

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11
Q

How can we as health care providers support children with a long term condition? (One point for each supporting act of high relevance)

A
  • Rätt support, rätt hjälp och förståelse för barnet under en lång tid.
  • Se barnets positiva beteende, och ge uppmärksamhet direkt, stärker barnet
  • Hjälpa till att strukturera barnets liv
  • Förbered barnet och anpassa miljön
  • Göra barnet och familjen delaktiga
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12
Q

A 14 year old boy has a severe depression. Name 4 specific signs that could indicate that he is in danger of commit suicide. If more then 4 signs will be mentioned, only the four first will generate points.

A
  1. Tecken på depression såsom nedstämdhet, ovilja, meningslöshet
  2. Svårt att sova eller tidig vakenhet på morgonen
  3. Förlorad aptit eller överdrivet ätande
  4. Överdrivet gråtande
  5. Ger bort föremål med stor betydelse
  6. Upptagenhet eller fixering av döden eller dödsteman
  7. Uttalande av intentioner att ta sitt liv.
  8. Slöhet och sjukdomskänsla
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13
Q

What is a normal pulse for a child age 2-10?

Select one alternative:

  • 100-180
  • 70-100
  • 55-90
A
  • 70-100
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14
Q

Give FOUR different specific examples of neglect in children. If more than four examples are given only the first four can generate credits.

A
  1. Fysiologisk vanskötsel (=försummelse), uppfyller inte barnets grundläggande behov, såsom mat, kläder eller tak över huvudet, tillgodoses ej eller de övervakas inte ordentligt eller förvaras säkert.
  2. Utbildande vanskötsel, föräldern säkerställer inte barnet chanser till utbildning.
  3. Emotionell vanskötsel, barnet får inte den omvårdnad och stimulans den behöver. Detta kan speglas genom att ignorera, förödmjuka, skrämma eller isolera dem.
  4. Medicinsk vanskötsel, barnet får inte ordentlig sjukvård. Detta inkluderar tandvård eller att vägra eller ignorera medicinska rekommendationer.
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15
Q

What is correct regarding long-term conditions/diseases among children?

correct/incorrect:

a) These children are often in need of medication.

b) These conditions often cause limitations in daily life for the children.

c) These conditions are expected to last for at least six months.

d) In Sweden, approximately 10 % of children are affected.

A

a) Correct

b) Correct

c) Incorrect, (3 månader)

d) Incorrect (Isch 20-25%)

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16
Q

What effects do malnutrition have on sick children?

A

Låga nivåer av IGF-1 förekommer vid malnutrition

IGF-1 används för att följa behandling och diagnostisera TILLVÄXTRUBBNINGAR.

Immunförsvaret försämras, vanliga infektioner blir farligare och har större risk att få komplikationer eller letalitet.

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17
Q

One cause for constipation in children are functional causes. Name two other causes for constipation in children.

A

FÖDOÄMNESREAKTION:
- Celiaki (glutenintolerans)
- Komjölksallergi (laktos)

ORGANISKA ORSAKER:
- Aganglionos (hirschsprungs sjukdom)
- Anorektal missbildning
- Neurologisk sjukdom

MEDICIN:
- Behövs ingen förklaring till detta

VÄTSKA:
- Dricker för lite –> förstoppning

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18
Q

Which information and support should you prioritize to give to the family of a child newly diagnosed with diabetes type 1?

prioritized/not prioritized

a) Info about symptoms on high and low blood sugar.

b) Info about how to check glucose in urine.

c) Info about food and meals.

d) Psychological support

e) Info about how to check glucos level in blood.

f) Info about how to calibrate the blood sugar device (kalibrera)
blodsockermätaren) once a month.

A

a) Prioritera

b) Inte prioritera

c) Prioritera

d) Prioritera

e) Prioritera

f) Inte prioritera

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19
Q

You are about to meet a child with psychiatric disability. Preparing the child and their parent and planning the visit are important bases for a successful encounter (vårdmöte). Give four examples of preparations that can make the meeting more pleasant:

A
  • Läs barnets journal
  • Läs på om funktionsnedsättningen
  • Planera –> Ta reda på barnets speciella behov
  • Ta reda på hur barnet kommunicerar
  • Ändra på miljön inriktat till barnens önskemål.
  • Förbered en lugn och säker miljö
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20
Q

Which of following statements are correct?

correct/incorrect:

a) Cerebral palsy is a progressive lesion (skada) affecting the developing fetal (hos ett växande foster) or infant brain

b) Repetitive behaviour and persistent difficulties in social interactions are features seen in Autism spectrum disorder

c) Children with ADHD are often in larger needs of routins than peers

d) Down syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality on chromosome 21

A

a) Inkorrekt (icke progressiv)

b) Korrekt

c) Korrekt

d) Korrekt

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21
Q

What should the environment be like in the meeting with a neuropsychiatric disabled child?

  • Minimize stimuli like sounds and lights.
  • Clean scaled (ren skalad) and not a lot of details in the room
  • A playful environment so the child gets curious and playful.
  • To have a radio on in the background.
A
  • Minimize stimuli like sounds and lights.
  • Clean scaled (ren skalad) and not a lot of details in the room
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22
Q

Witch of the following is the most common upper respiratory inflammation in infancy and childhood?

  • Bronchitis
  • Acute otitis media
  • Bronciolitis
  • Pneumonia
  • Nasopharyngitis
A
  • Nasopharyngitis
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23
Q

What is correct and incorrect regarding following statements (påståenden) about allergy and immunoglobulin - Ig antibodies (antikroppar)?

correct/incorrect:

a) The difference between allergy and intolerance is what organ systems that are
affected.

b) IgA antibodies are often involved in allergic reactions.

c) The difference between allergy and intolerance is weather Ig E antibodies are
involved or not.

A

a) Incorrect

b) Incorrect

c) Correct (Intolerans=saknar enzym som bryter ner ämnet ex. laktas)

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24
Q

Several researchers go a step further in defining FCC as to focus the most important aspects of FCC. One abbrevation (förkortning) more commonly used today is PFCC. What does PFCC stand for?

Choose one alternative:

  • Pediatric- and family-centered care
  • Parent- and family centered care
  • Patient- and family-centered care
A
  • Patient- and family-centered care
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25
Q

What could you as a nurse do to achieve PFCC?

Choose one alternative:

  • To ask the parents questions about what the child likes as to use this as a distraction
  • To see to it that the family feel seen and not only the child
  • Ask questions that has to do with the needs of the child such as “what are your needs and wishes right now”
A
  • Ask questions that has to do with the needs of the child such as “what are your needs and wishes right now”
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26
Q

What are seen as the outcome (effekt) of using PFCC in nursing?

Choose one alternative:

a: Improved experience of care for all involved including staff, patient and their families
b: Easier access to the child as to be able to help them
c: Better health outcomes
d: Better use of resources
e: a, b and c
f: a, c and d

A

f: a, c and d

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27
Q

Which of the following would require careful monitoring in the child with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) who is receiving ordinary medication with methylphenidate (Ritalin)?

  • Signs of allergy
  • Dental health
  • Mouth dryness
  • Excessive (överdriven) appetite
  • Increased respiration rate (andningsfrekvens)
  • Height and weight
A
  • Height and weight
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28
Q

What are correct statements regarding painful procedures?

  • Hunger will make the pain worse during a procedure in a newborn.
  • Distraction can be very useful at any age.
  • The non-pharmacologic treatment should always be combined with pharmacologic treatment in pain.
  • TENS is a non-pharmacologic painrelief.
  • EMLA plaster should be placed on the skin for at least one hour before the procedure on children over one year..
A
  • Hunger will make the pain worse during a procedure in a newborn.
  • Distraction can be very useful at any age.
  • TENS is a non-pharmacologic painrelief.
  • EMLA plaster should be placed on the skin for at least one hour before the procedure on children over one year..
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29
Q

What is the definition of intoxication (förgiftning)?

A

När koncentrationen av en substans överstiger den tolererade nivån i kroppen och leder till generell eller lokal skada.

=

“The concentration of a substance exceeds the tolerated level
and causese a general or local damage”.

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30
Q

What is STAMP?

A

Screening verktyg för bedömning av malnutrition inom pediatrisk omvårdnad.

STAMP står för: Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Paediatrics

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31
Q

Which interventions/aspects are most important when a child in your care has an epileptic seizure grand mal (ett ordentligt krampanfall)?

A

Säkra luftvägar om barnet tappar medvetandet under krampanfallet, säkra platsen från ex vassa objekt eller förflytta om möjligt ifall det är en olämplig plats. Håll inte fast barnet eller dylikt. Efter kramperna har slutat ska barnet placeras i stabilt sidoläge. Ta tiden, krampanfall över 5 minuter kan ge livslånga komplikationer eller leda till letalitet.

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32
Q

Adults and children are different physically and physiologically (fysiskt och fysiologiskt). Name three differences regarding respiration.

A

Barn har mindre luftvolym som finns kvar efter normal utandning i lungorna (FRC) och syrgasreserv än vuxna.

Barn har högre ämnesomsättning än vuxna och kräver därmed mer syrgas.

Barn har högre andningsfrekvens än vuxna, exempelvis <1 åring = 30-40 AF/min.

Barn andas genom näsan första 6 månaderna.

Barn andas enbart med diafragma då musklerna mellan revbenen ej är färdigutvecklade. m. intercostales interni – inre revbensmuskler och m. intercotalis externi – yttre revbensmuskler.

Barn har även mindre potentiell volymutrymme även ur ett proportionerligt perspektiv

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33
Q

Which are the most common risk factors for children to be exposed to neglect and different kind of abuse in children? Note- do not give examples of neglect

A
  • Barnet är under 4 år eller tonåring
  • Barnet är oönskad
  • Fysiska nedsättningar
  • Inlärningssvårigheter
  • Låg födelsevikt
  • Född för tidigt
  • Tidig separation från modern
  • Dåligt socioekonomisk status
  • Lever i ett samhälle som har hög kriminalitet och våld
  • Lever i ett samhälle som är fattiga
  • Begränsad förutsättning för utbildning och ekonomisk stabilitet
  • Lever i ett samhälle som har hög arbetslöshet
  • Lever i ett samhälle med lätt tillgång till droger och alkohol
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34
Q

What is correct regarding Enuresis (enures)?

  • Primary enuresis is the name for incontinence in children after three years of age.
  • Secondary enuresis and Nocturnal bedwetting is not the same condition.
  • Primary enuresis is the term for wetting that occurs in children who have never attained continence.
  • Is more common in girls than in boys.
  • Is associated with late neurological development.
A
  • Primary enuresis is the term for wetting that occurs in children who have never attained continence.
  • Is associated with late neurological development
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35
Q

What is correct regarding following statements?

a) - Illnesses debuting in intense growth periods has more impact on the final height (slutlängden) compared with when illness debutes under less intese growth periods

b) - Flattening in growth in height (utplaning av längtillväxt) can be a symptom of celiaki

c) - A value on the weight curve should always be compared with a value on the curve of the height at the same time

d) - After one year of age all heigh surveillance should be performed with the child
standing upright

A

a) Correct

b) Correct

c) Correct

d) Incorrect

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36
Q

Aaron 5 year old. Select one alternative in each question:

A) What does the abbreviation (förkortning) FCC stand for?

  • Family Centred Care
  • Family Care Cooperation
  • Family Core Care

B) Who defines the individual child´s family?

  • It is always up to the parents as they know the child and have experience
  • It is up to the health professional to decide on who to involve in the process
  • That is always up to the child to decide

C) The concept (begreppet) of Patient-and family centered care is based on a notion below (en av uppfattningarna nedan). Which one?

  • The recognition that families are important allies (bundsförvanter) for quality and safety in nursing in a broad sense
  • That it provides better evaluations of care if the families feel that they are involved
  • The important role of delivering nursing care in relation to the UNs convention of the Rights of the child act.
A

A) - Family Centred Care

B) - That is always up to the child to decide

C) - The recognition that families are important allies (bundsförvanter) for quality and safety in nursing in a broad sense

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37
Q

What is correct regarding long-term conditions/diseases among children?

correct/incorrect:

a) These children are often in need of medication.

b) In Sweden, approximately 10 % of children are affected.

c) These conditions are expected to last for at least three months.

d) These conditions often cause limitations in daily life for the children.

A

a) Correct

b) Incorrect

c) Correct

d) Correct

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38
Q

What is non-pharmacologic pain relief? Explain both the purpose and what it is (do not give examples).

A

Icke-farmakologisk smärtbehandling är hantering av smärta utan mediciner. Denna metod använder ett sätt att ändra tankar och fokusera koncentration för att bättre hantera och minska smärta genom distraktion, substituera ( PLACEBO duh… )

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39
Q

Describe the most relevant nursing interventions caring for a child with fever. Give three specific examples. Start with the most important actions first.

A

Vätska, ge dricka, ofta, ge något barnet älskar, viktigt att de får i sig vätska så de ej drabbas av dehydrering.

Viktigt att stabilisera kroppstemperaturen på ungen, miljön skall vara 20-22 C. Avlägsna varma kläder, men de ska inte leka näckros. Det räcker med ett lakan.

De generella direktiven lyder att ifall febern är 39 C eller mer hos barnet ska läkemedel ges.

Filosofera kring varför barnet har feber, det finns alltid en anledning, frågan är dock VAD? Kan det vara en infektion hmmm? Eller kanske en sepsis (uhhh?).

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40
Q

In Sweden genuine croup is eradicated (utrotad). When we discuss croup we generally mean false croup. Which is the main characteristic symptom of false croup? Name one. 2p

A

Allra vanligaste symtom: Hosta som som låter som skällandet av ett sjölejon.

  • Skällande hosta
  • Piper vid inandning
  • Heshet
41
Q

What is correct regarding immunization?

correct/incorrect:

a) There is strong evidence that sugar given orally relieves the pain

b) Passive immunization can provide IgG antibodies as a result

c) It is advisable that small children sit in caregiver’s lap

d) Only killed patogens are used

e) Immunizations are not cost-efficient

A

a) Correct

b) Correct

c) Correct

d) Incorrect

e) Incorrect

42
Q

What is correct regarding fever and febrile convulsions (feberkramper)?

correct/incorrect:

a) Fever has a good ability/function in promoting (främja) health

b) Febrile convulsions are often dangerous for the child

c) Shivering (att skaka) when febrile happens when the body temperature increases
quickly

d) Fever in children should always be reduced with medications when 39 degrees
or more

A

a) Inccorect

b) Inccorect

c) Incorrect

d) Correct

43
Q

Different physical reactions are listed below. Which of these immune responses is a nonspecific response to invasion (invasion/intrång)?

Select one alternative:

  • Inflammatory response
  • Humoral response
  • Cell-mediated response
  • Antibody response
  • Rh-antibodies
A
  • Inflammatory response
44
Q

Immunization of children with the Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine decreases the incidence of several conditions, but only one listed below, which?

Select one alternative:

  • Broncholitis
  • Pneumonia
  • Epiglottitis
A
  • Epiglottitis
45
Q

What is non-pharmacologic pain relief? 2p

A

Icke-farmakologisk smärtbehandling är hantering av smärta utan mediciner. Denna metod använder sätt att ändra tankar och fokusera koncentration för att bättre hantera och minska smärta.

46
Q

What statement is correct concerning blood pressure and pulse in children arresting but awake?

Select one alternative:

  • The pulse in children 5 years of age are the same as in adults.
  • The bloodpressure in children 5 years of age are the same as in adults
  • The bloodpressure and pulse in children 5 years of age are the same as in adults.
  • The bloodpressure in children 0-6 month are lower and the pulse is higher then adults.
  • The bloodpressure in children 0-6 month are higher and the pulse is lower then adults
A
  • The bloodpressure in children 0-6 month are lower and the pulse is higher then adults.
47
Q

Which non-pharmacological nursing intervention (omvårdnadsåtgärd) is most important for an infant (bebis) who has a cold and stuffy nose (nästäppa)? Name one. 2p

A

Saltvatten, används som nässpray eller näsdroppar. Saltet löser upp slemmet. Man kan även droppa bröstmjölksdroppar i näsan på ungen.

Extremt viktigt att hålla näshålan fri, detta då bebisar upp till 6 månader andas generellt enbart genom näsan då deras respiratoriska funktioner ej är färdigutvecklade.

48
Q

What statement is NOT correct concerning febrile convulsions (Feberkramper)?

  • A brief general cramp, caused by high fever.
  • Happens to children between 6 month to 6 years
  • May recur with new fever peak.
  • Last for a few min up to 60 min.
A
  • Last for a few min up to 60 min.
49
Q

Signs of child abuse is sometimes discovered when undressing a child. What is the other main most important reason why you should examine a child without clothes on? 2p

A

För att få en överblick över barnets mående, exempelvis fynd av hudrodnad kan indikera på sjukdom eller allergi. Sår, frakturer eller sjukdomar i skelettleder och muskler kan uppträdas under kläderna på barn ex. Duchennes muskeldystrofi, därför skall dem av.

50
Q

What statement is NOT correct concerning children with a foreign body aspiration?

  • Never give Heimlich maneuver to a child one year of age.
  • If the object is expelled, there is still a need for a check up by a health care provider.
  • Give five backslaps between shoulder blades and check the mouth gently.
  • You should encourage the child over one year of age to cough
A
  • If the object is expelled, there is still a need for a check up by a health care provider.
51
Q

A child 2 years of age enteres the emergency room where you work, he has recently been out playng in the forest but over the last 3 hours he became very tired got abdominal pain, vomiting and nausea, what of the following conditions do you expect?

  • Intoxication
  • Enuresis
  • Food allergy
  • Constipation
  • Fever
A
  • Intoxication
52
Q

A child 10 years of age gets a sting from a waps (geting) and is getting a respiratory distress. What is your first option medication?

  • Corticosteroids
  • Noradrenaline
  • Adrenaline
  • A beta-agonist inhalation. (Albuterol, Ventoline)
A
  • Adrenaline
53
Q

Give 3 examples on nonpharmacologic pain relief for children.

A
  • Distraktioner
  • Kyla/Värme
  • Massage
  • TENS
54
Q

Children develop malnutrition faster than adults, why?

A

Barn har en högre ämnesomsättning än vuxna då det utvecklas, vilket kräver mer energi. Därför lider barn av större risk att få undernäring.

55
Q

What are correct and incorrect statements regarding painful procedures?

correct/incorrect:

a) TENS is a non-pharmacologic painrelief.

b) Top-anastesic is not usedful in premature children.

c) Hunger will make the pain worse during a procedure in a newborn.

d) Distraction can be useful at any age.

e) EMLA plaster should be placed on the skin for at least one hour before the
procedure.

f) The non-pharmacologic treatment should always be combined with
pharmacologic treatment in pain

A

a) Korrekt

b) Inkorrekt

c) Korrekt

d) Korrekt

e) Korrekt

f) Inkorrekt

56
Q

What is true about painmanagement in infants and toodlers 0-3 years?

Choose one alternative:

  • Distraction works as painmanagment for children under 1 year of age
  • There is no use for parents to be close
  • To be hungry can distract from the pain
  • Glucose can help to manage pain
  • Glucose can make the pain worse
A
  • Glucose can help to manage pain

(Första är halvt sann för det funkar även över 1 år)

57
Q

When do you need to give fever reduction medicine to a child?

Choose one alternative:

  • If the child doesn’t sleep during nighttime.
  • When the child is having fever they need fever reduction medicine regardless the temperature.
  • If the fever is over 39.
  • If the fever is over 40.
  • If the child is in pain and to tired to eat.
A
  • If the child is in pain and to tired to eat.
58
Q

Mark correct/incorrect regarding following statements (påståenden):

correct/incorrect:

a) Most children with cerebral palsy (CP-skada) have normal intellectual function

b) Spina Bifida/ Myelomeningocele (ryggmärgsbråck) is caused by a traumatic brain
injury the first years in life

A

a) Correct, 30-50% har nedsatt intellektuell förmåga

b) Incorrect

59
Q

What is important to know about the respiration in infants the first four month in life?

A

De har ej utvecklat stabila respiratoriska funktioner än. Bebisar i denna ålder andas genom näsan, och därmed är det viktigt att se till att näshålan är fri. Tänka på att inte täcka över näsa eller mun med filt om man är ute och går en snöig decemberdag 2029.

Barn har mindre luftvolym som finns kvar efter normal utandning i lungorna (FRC) och syrgasreserv än vuxna.

Barn har högre ämnesomsättning än vuxna som kräver mer syrgas.

Barn har högre andningsfrekvens än vuxna, exempelvis <1 åring = 30-40 AF/min.

60
Q

Which of the following statements made by the mother of a 10- months-old child would indicate that the child may have Cerebral Palsy?

Select one alternative:

  • “I’m worried about my child’s appetite; he is always hungry and eats so much”
  • “He holds his legs so stiff and he stands on his toes when positioned in standing”
  • “It’s hard to get eye-contact with my child”
  • “Even though his calves (hans vader) seem thick and muscular, he supports himself with his hands on his thighs in a climbing action to raise to a standing position”
A
  • “He holds his legs so stiff and he stands on his toes when positioned in standing”

c- c- c- c- c- CP skada /;3;/ uwu ╰(▔∀▔)╯ ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)

¯_(ツ)_/¯ (ง ͠° ͟ل͜ ͡°)ง (ಥ﹏ಥ) (~˘▾˘)~ c- c- c- c- c- c- c- P ~(˘▾˘~)

61
Q

When do you take blood pressure on a child?

Select one alternative:

  • When you suspect head trauma
  • Bloodpressure is routinely taken on all children
  • When you suspect dehydration
  • When you suspect malnutrition
A
  • When you suspect head trauma
62
Q

Name 4 warning signs of neglect.

A
  • Barnet luktar illa och är skitig
  • Barnet har smutsiga kläder
  • Obehandlade skador
  • Dåliga språkkunskaper eller sociala färdigheter
  • Barnet får ej den medicin den eventuellt behöver
  • Anemi (blodbrist)
  • Missade läkarbesök, till exempel för vaccinationer
  • Kroppsproblem, såsom dålig muskeltonus eller framträdande leder
  • Bor i en olämplig hemmiljö, som att inte ha någon uppvärmning
  • Lämnas ensam under längre tider
  • Barnet tar på sig rollen som vårdare för andra familjemedlemmar
  • Visar tecken på självskadebeteende
  • Barnet ter sig tillbakadragen, deprimerad eller orolig
  • Barnet använder droger eller alkohol
  • Barnet skolkar
63
Q

To report concerns about maltreatment of a child to the social care you need to:

Choose one alternative:

  • Be worried that the child is being maltreated.
  • Ask the parents for approval before you report.
  • Have photos of physical injuries.
  • Have proof that the child in being maltreated.
A
  • Be worried that the child is being maltreated
64
Q

Chose ONE of the following long term conditions and explain how to take care of a child with this condition:

  • Astma
  • Allergy
  • Type 1 diabetes
A
  • Type 1 diabetes
  • Information om sjukdomen diabetes typ 1. “Ingen produktion av hormonet insulin”
  • Information om symtom vid högt och lågt blodsocker.
  • Kostråd, regelbundna måltider och snacks.
  • Balans med träning, mediciner och mat.
  • Hur man administrerar insulin, subkutan injektion.
65
Q

Aaron 5 year old. Select one alternative in each question:

A) Several researchers go a step further in defining FCC as to focus the most important aspects of FCC. One abbrevation (förkortning) more commonly used today is PFCC. What does PFCC stand for?

  • Patient- and family-centered care
  • Parent- and family centered care
  • Pediatric- and family-centered care

B) How is PFCC defined?

  • PFCC is working “with” the family and parents, rather than just doing “to” or “for” them
  • PFCC is working “with” patients and families, rather than just doing “to” or “for” them
  • PFCC is working “with” the child and somewhat the family, rather than just doing “to” or “for” the child

C) What are the core concepts of PFCC?

a) - Dignity and respect and information sharing

b) - Participation and collaboration

c) - Nursing and dignity and respect

d) - Good heath for all and participation and collaboration

e) - both a and c

f) - both a and b

g) - both b and d

A

A) - Patient- and family-centered care

B) - PFCC is working “with” patients and families, rather than just doing “to” or “for” them

C) - g: - both b and d

66
Q

Match the disability with the right group.

A) Difficulties in understanding other peoples feelings

B) Autism spectrum disorder

C) Difficulties in recieveing and processing information

D) Difficulties in using and controlling balance

1) Intellectual disability

2) Physical Disability

3) Neuropsychiatric disability

A

A) Neuropsychiatric disability

B) Neuropsychiatric disability

C) Intellectual disability

D) Physical disability

67
Q

Describe the differences between Primary and secondary enuresis.

A

Någon med primär enuresis lider av sängvätning/miktion vid sömn, sedan han eller hon var bebis, personen har ännu inte erhållit kontinens. Sekundär enuresis är ett tillstånd som utvecklas vid minst sex månader eller till och med flera år efter att en person har lärt sig att kontrollera sin blåsa.

68
Q

You work as a nurse at the local health center. What are the most important recommendations you give to the parents and a five year old child newly diagnosed with diabetes?

A
  • Information om sjukdomen diabetes typ 1. “Ingen produktion av hormonet insulin”
  • Information om symtom vid högt och lågt blodsocker.
  • Kostråd, regelbundna måltider och snacks.
  • Balans med träning, mediciner och mat.
  • Hur man administrerar insulin, subkutan injektion.
69
Q

You notice that a 4 year old boy in the dining room have a respiratory distress, is coughing, and suspect that he aspired food in trachea. You realize that he needs help instantly. Describe your actions to remove a foreign body on the child, in correct order.

A

Eftersom barnet är över 1 år och kan hosta ska ej Heimlich manöver utföras då detta kan förvärra blockaden. Man ska istället fortsätta uppmana barnet till att fortsätta hosta. Kan inte barnet fortsätta hosta effektivt eller det blir totalt luftvägstopp ska Heimlich manöver genomföras.

Utförande:

  1. 5 Ryggdunk, Håll en hand mot övre delen av personens bröst som stöd.
    Ge fem kraftiga slag med handloven mellan personens skulderblad.
  2. 5 Tryck i magen, Knyt din hand och placera den med tumsidan mot personens mage, ovanför naveln och nedanför bröstbenet.
    Fatta tag runt din knytnäve med din andra hand.
    Tryck kraftigt inåt och uppåt
  3. Blir barnet medvetslös börja HLR med 5 inblåsningar och sedan 2:15 (inblåsningar : kompressioner) och larma
70
Q

What is the definition of food allergy?

A

Mat allergi är när kroppens immunförsvar reagerar ovanligt på specifika livsmedel.

Även om allergiska reaktioner ofta är milda kan de vara mycket allvarliga. Symtom på födoämnesallergi kan påverka olika delar av kroppen samtidigt. Några vanliga symtom inkluderar: en kliande känsla i munnen, halsen eller öronen.

71
Q

Give four examples on phenomena /factors (fenomen) that inreases the risk for epileptic seizures (epileptiska anfall).

A
  • Traumaskador på huvudet
  • Medfödda missbildningar
  • Yttre påverkan såsom ljus, ljud och droger
  • Neurodegenerativ sjukdom (hereditet)
  • Kardio- vaskulära sjukdomar
  • Hjärninfektion (encefalopati)
  • Hjärnskakning
  • Hyper-/hypoglykemi
  • Feber
  • Stroke
  • Infektion
72
Q

What is correct and incorrect regarding Enuresis (enures)?

correct/incorrect:

a) Primary enuresis is the name for incontinence in children after three years of age.

b) Is more common in girls than in boys.

c) Primary enuresis is the term for wetting that occurs in children who have never attained continence.

d) Secondary enuresis and Nocturnal bedwetting is not the same condition.

A

a) Incorrect

b) Incorrect

c) Correct

d) Incorrect

73
Q

What is correct and incorrect regarding child abuse and neglect?

correct/incorrect:

a) Not bringing the child to healthcare when needed is classified as neglect.

b) One out of four adults report having been physically abused as a child.

c) Child maltreatment includes neglect but not abuse of children.

A

a) Correct

b) Correct

c) Incorrect

74
Q

What is correct and incorrect regarding following statements?

correct/incorrect:

a) Infants are sensitive to a stuffy nose

b) Don’t undress the children, they should be exmined with their clothes on.

c) Blood pressure is important to take on all children

A

a) Correct

b) Incorrect

c) Incorrect

75
Q

Which of the following statements made by the mother of a 5-year-old child would indicate that the child may have Duchenne’s muscular disease?

choose one alternative:

  • “My daughter’s left hip seems instable when she jumps and runs”
  • “He holds his legs so stiff and the muscles are so hard that it is hard to help him putting on his trousers
  • “Even though his calves (vaderna) seem thick and muscular, he supports himself with his hands on his thighs in a climbing action to raise to a standing position”
  • “I’m worried about my child’s appetite; he is always hungry and eats so much”
A
  • “Even though his calves (vaderna) seem thick and muscular, he supports himself with his hands on his thighs in a climbing action to raise to a standing position”

Förstorade vader (pseudohypertrofi) är ett karaktäristiskt symtom för duchennes.
Gowers tecken är det caset yttrar som att använda händer på lår för att kunna resa sig.

76
Q

You are to give a vaccination to Samuel 5 years old. Describe step by step how you perform the procedure in the best way. 4p

A
  • Informera vad som skall hända och varför. Anpassat för barnet
  • EMLA-plåster för att minska smärta och obehag
  • Lugn miljö, distraktion, göra barnet nöjd
  • Utför proceduren som en vanligt. Är barnet över 1 år kan IM-injektion ges m. delta som vanligt. Klorhexidinsprit, aspirera etc.
  • Erbjud batman plåster, cooling
77
Q

Which of the following would require careful monitoring in the child with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) who is receiving ordinary medication with methylphenidate (Ritalin)?

Select one alternative:

  • Height and weight
  • Mouth dryness
  • Dental health
  • Excessive (överdriven) appetite
A
  • Height and weight
78
Q

Immunization of children with the Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine decreases the incidence of a life-threathening condition affecting the airways. If affected the child is likely to sit up gasping for air and not able to swallow the child’s own saliva. Which condition? 2p

A

Epiglottit

Svalgsmärta och sväljningssvårigheter är klassiska symtom korrelaterat till epiglottit, traditionellt anses epiglottit vara är en barnsjukdom.

79
Q

What is correct regarding abuse and neglect?

correct/incorrect:

a) Child maltreatment includes neglect but not abuse of children.

b) Not bringing the child to healthcare when needed is classified as neglect.

c) One out of four adults report having been physically abused as a child.

A

a) Incorrect

b) Correct

c) Correct

80
Q

You work in a health care clinic. A worried mother to a 1, 5 year old boy calls at lunch time. The boy started to vomit during the night, and now he can’t keep anything down. What do you advice the mother?

  • Let the child sleep, and try with fluids in 3-4 hours, rest is a good way for the body to heal and ease the dehydration
  • Only give water, because that’s the way to reverse a dehydration
  • Only give small amounts of drink, but often
A
  • Only give small amounts of drink, but often
81
Q

Within respiration the gas exhange (gasutbudet) is cruicial (avgörande). Which are the three processes of normal gas exchange? 3p

A

Ventilation, diffusion, perfusion.

82
Q

Which are the two types of hearing impairments? 4p

A

Sensorineural = Sensorineural dövhet är en typ av hörselnedsättning. Det uppstår från skador på innerörat, ursprungsplatsen för nerven som går från örat till hjärnan (hörselnerven) eller hjärnan. Örat består av yttre, mellersta och inre strukturer.

Conductive = En konduktiv hörselnedsättning inträffar när ljud inte kan komma igenom ytter- och mellanörat. Det kan vara svårt att höra mjuka ljud. Högre ljud kan dämpas. Medicin eller kirurgi kan ofta åtgärda denna typ av hörselnedsättning.

83
Q

Which is not a contagious disease?

choose one alternatvie:

  • Tetanus
  • Rubella
  • Chicken pox
A
  • Tetanus
84
Q

What is correct and incorrect regarding following statements (påståenden)?

correct/incorrect:

a) Breast milk contains anti-infectious factors and immune cells.

b) WHO and American Pediatric Association both recommend C-vitamins to all
children up to 2 year of age.

c) Breast milk is the most desirable complete food soure (näringskällan) for infants
(spädbarn) up to 6 months.

A

a) Korrekt

b) Inkorrekt

c) Korrekt

84
Q

When meeting a child with Down syndrome what signs on the syndrome should the nurse expect to find?

Choose one alternative:

  • Flat nasal bridge, low muscle tone and broad hands
  • Hypertonus of the trunk muscles, low-set ears, and microcephaly
  • Small jaw, cardiac defects and broad chest
  • Maladaptive behaviour, long face and wide-spread eyes
A
  • Flat nasal bridge, low muscle tone and broad hands
85
Q

Which of the following statements made by the mother of a 5-year-old child would indicate that the child may have Duchenne’s muscular disease?

choose one alternative:

  • “I’m worried about my child’s appetite; he is always hungry and eats so much”
  • “He holds his legs so stiff and the muscles are so hard that it is hard to help him putting on his trousers
  • “Even though his calves seem thick and muscular, he supports himself with his hands on his thighs in a climbing action to raise to a standing position”
  • “My daughter’s left hip tilts when she jumps and runs”
A
  • “Even though his calves seem thick and muscular, he supports himself with his hands on his thighs in a climbing action to raise to a standing position”

Förstorade vader (pseudohypertrofi) är ett karaktäristiskt symtom för duchennes.
Gowers tecken är det caset yttrar som att använda händer på lår för att kunna resa sig.

86
Q

What is correct regarding abuse and neglect?

  • One out of five women reports have been sexually abused as a child.
  • One out of nine men reports have been sexually abused as a child.
  • One out of four adults report having been physically abused as a child.
  • Not bringing the child to healthcare when needed is classified as neglect.
  • Child maltreatment includes neglect but not abuse of children.
A
  • One out of five women reports have been sexually abused as a child.
  • One out of four adults report having been physically abused as a child.
  • Not bringing the child to healthcare when needed is classified as neglect.
87
Q

Please match the conditions below with the best description.

A) a condition that are most common in small children, causing severe breathing difficulties with problem with mucous that needs to be removed.

B) often caused by RS virus in infants

C) the chronic/long-term disease which causes most
sickleaves in school.

D) same as diphtheria

1) Bronchitis

2) Asthma

3) Genuine croup

4) Bronchiolitis

A

A) 1 - Bronchitis (luftrörskatarr)

B) 4 - Bronchiolitis (kapillärbronkit)

C) 2 - Asthma

D) 3 - Genuine croup

88
Q

What is correct regarding fever and febrile convulsions (feberkramper)?

  • Fever has a good ability/function in promoting (främja) health.
  • Fever in children should always be reduced with medications when 39 degrees or more.
  • Shivering (att skaka) when febrile happens when the body temperature increases quickly.
  • Febrile convulsions are often dangerous for the child.
  • Fever is a symptom.
  • Children should always be surveilled (övervakade) when having febrile
    convulsions.
A
  • Fever is a symptom
  • Children should always be surveilled (övervakade) when having febrile
    convulsions.
89
Q

What is correct and incorrect regarding pain scales in children?

correct/incorrect:

a) Bieri scale is intended for children 4-16 years of age.

b) NRS (Numerical Rating Scale) is useful in children of all ages.

c) FLACC is not a scale for measuring pain.

d) Face/pain scale is useful in children with limited verbal expressions.

A

a) Correct

b) Incorrect

c) Incorrect

d) Correct

90
Q

Which of the following would require careful monitoring in the child with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) who is receiving ordinary medication with methylphenidate (Ritalin)?

Select one alternative:

  • Dental health
  • Excessive (överdriven) appetite
  • Height and weight
  • Mouth dryness
A
  • Height and weight
91
Q

Which information and support should you prioritize to give to the family of a child newly diagnosed with diabetes type 1?

prioritized/not prioritized:

a) Info about how to check glucose in urine.

b) Info about how to check glucos level in blood.

c) Info about symptoms on high and low blood sugar.

d) Info about food and meals.

A

a) NOT Prioritized

b) Prioritized

c) Prioritized

d) Prioritized

92
Q

Which of following statements are correct and incorrect?

correct/incorrect:

a) Most children with cerebral palsy have normal intellectual function

b) Cerebral palsy is a progressive lesion (skada) affecting the developing fetal (hos ett växande foster) or infant brain

c) Spina Bifida/ Myelomeningocele (ryggmärgsbråck) is caused by a traumatic brain
injury the first years in life

d) Down syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality on chromosome 21

A

a) Korrekt, 30-50% har nedsatt intellektuell förmåga

b) Inkorrekt, icke progressiv

c) Inkorrekt

d) Korrekt

93
Q

Assessing vital signs

correct/incorrect:

a) 110/70 is a normal blood pressure for a 5 year old child.

b) Children’s temperature is more steady (stabilare) than in adults.

A

a) Incorrect (100/65 mmHg)

b) Incorrect

94
Q

Give FOUR different specific examples of maltreatment (misshandel) in children.

A
  1. Physical abuse
  2. Neglect (Physiological, Educational, Medicin, & Emotional neglect).
  3. Sexual abuse
  4. Emotional abuse
95
Q

Normal puls för x är:

a) Nyfödd (0-2 år)?

b) 2-10 år?

c) 10-20 år?

A

a) 100-180 bpm

b) 70-100 bpm

c) 55-90 bpm

96
Q

Normalt blodtryck för x är:

a) 0-6 månader?

b) 6-12 månader?

c) 5 åring?

d) 10 åring?

A

a) 80/45 mmHg

b) 90/60 mmHg

c) 100/65 mmHg

d) 110/65 mmHg

97
Q

Normal andningsfrekvens för x är:

a) 0-1 år?

b) 1-3 år?

c) 4-6 år?

d) 7-9 år?

A

a) 22-38 AF

b) 22-30 AF

c) 20-24 AF

d) 18-24 AF