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Marine Temperature Regulation > Temperature Contol > Flashcards

Temperature Contol Flashcards

1
Q

Give some features of ectotherms

A
  • depend on environment
  • metabolism is 10x lower than endotherms
  • low energy intake
  • narrow-wide enzyme functional temp
  • sun basking and muscle activity (shivering)
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2
Q

Give some features of endotherms

A
  • Independent of environment
  • Metabolism is 10x higher then ectotherms
  • high energy intake
  • narrow enzyme functional temp
  • hibernate
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3
Q

what features do Endothermic Homeotherms (Humans and other mammals) have

A
  • Body surface often slightly lower temp than internal
  • body core temp highly regulated
  • size adjustments of body to change temp
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4
Q

Give the degrees for hypo/hyper-thermia

A

hypo = 35, hyper = 39, 37 degrees is perfect

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5
Q

What is the equations for metabolic heat production and what do the variables mean?

A

H = C (Tb - Ts)

H= metabolic heat production
C = Heat loss
Tb = Body core temperature
Ts = Body surface
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6
Q

What steps happen when there is a temperature rise in the external environment?

A
  • Temperature rise is detected by thermostat
  • Thermostat activates cooling mechanism
  • Sweat glands start to secrete sweat
  • Sweat evaporates on skin and cools body
  • blood vessels dilate increasing SA
  • Increased SA allows more heat to escape
  • Body cools, thermostat shuts off
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7
Q

What steps happen when there is a temperature dip in the external environment?

A
  • Temperature dip is detected by thermostat
  • Thermostat activates warming mechanism
  • Muscles start to contract
  • contraction causes shivering and generate heat
  • blood vessels constrict decreasing SA
  • decreased SA stops heat escaping
  • Body warms, thermostat shuts off
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8
Q

How do organisms regulate temperature within the thermal neutral zone?

A
  • Postural changes (cuddle up)
  • Insulation (hair vs blubber)
  • Vasomotor responses (blood flow regulation)
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9
Q

Give features of blubber

A
  • No grooming required
  • Metabollically available
  • buoyancy doesn’t change with depth
  • incompressible
  • heavy
  • skin near ambient temperature
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10
Q

Give features of Fur

A
  • lightweight
  • skin near body temperature
  • compressed at depth
  • requires air and grooming
  • buoyancy changes with depth
  • metabolically inert and unavailable
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11
Q

How do organisms regulate temperature below the lower cutaneous temp (LCT)?

A

Thermogenesis; Shivering, non-shivering (BAT), and countercurrent heat exchange.

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12
Q

What do white adipocytes do?

A

They convert Tri-glycerides into free fatty acids (FFAs)

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13
Q

What are white adipocytes?

A

Energy storing fat cells

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14
Q

How are FFAs converted to ATP?

A

FFAs are released into the blood and transported to mitochondria where they are oxidised into ATP by respiration.

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15
Q

What are brown adipocytes?

A

brown adipocytes are fat cells that express mitochondrial UCP (uncoupling proteins).

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16
Q

What do Uncoupling proteins do?

A

UCPs generate heat instead of ATP

17
Q

Why are the fat cells brown?

A

They have large amounts of mitochondria and are highly vascularised

18
Q

Where are brown adipocytes found?

A

Cold-acclimatised mammals/ hibernators/newborns

19
Q

What does BAT stand for?

A

Brown adipose tissue

20
Q

Describe the prices BAT goes though when it gets too cold

A
  • Sympathetic stimulation from hypothalamus
  • hydrolysis of triglyceride to FFAs.
  • FFAs move into mitochondria and combine with ADP to produce ATP
  • AKA FFAs are oxidised to ATP through beta-oxidation
  • uses UPC 1 to leak protons from intermediate space of mitochondria back to the matrix - this produces heat
21
Q

In counter current heat exchange which way does the heat flow?

A

From the artery to the vein

22
Q

Where does the most counter-current heat exchange occur in birds

A

Their feet (are highly vascularised)

23
Q

How is countercurrent heat exchange different in mammals?

A

Blubber insulates the body of the dolphin but it does not extend to the flippers so heat is transferred from the artery to the veins

24
Q

How do organisms regulate temperature below the upper cutaneous temp (UCT)?

A
  • Evaporative cooling

- sweating in some mammals and panting in birds and mammals

25
Q

How much energy does it require to evaporate 1g of H20

A

585 calories - loss of heat energy corresponding to calories

26
Q

Chemical reactions including metabolic rate (MR) depend on…?

A

Temperature

27
Q

Metabolic heat is ……. in fish?

A

Rapidly lost

28
Q

What is the equation for Q10 and what do the components mean?

A

Q10 = (MR2/MR1)^10/(t2/t1)

t = temperature
MR (1+n) = MR at T(1+n)

29
Q

Rate of chemical reactions increase with a factor of ….. per …… degree increase in temperature

A

factor of 2-3 per 10 degrees

Marine Temperature Regulation (3 decks)

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