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Engineering > Telecommunications > Flashcards

Telecommunications Flashcards

1
Q

nature and scope of telecommunications engineering

A

Engineers working in the telecommunications field may be required to:

-analyse customer needs, test equipment for faults, repair faulty equipment, evaluate equipment and systems, advise on building material and costs, build and test prototypes of new equipment, research information and solve telecommunications related problems, locate and organise telecommunications equipment to be imported from overseas, supervise installation and use of telecommunications equipment, provide training for company staff once new equipment has been installed. design, provide and keep up-to-date systems and make sure new equipment meets government regulations

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2
Q

health and safety issues

A

some concerns have been raised regarding the potential health effects such exposure might incur to both regular phone users and those servicing the tower.

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3
Q

training for the profession

A

Predominately electrical engineering, but use skills from maths, physics, computer science, software engineering, systems analysis, metallurgy and materials engineering, marketing and design..

4 years at university, offered at TAFE and uni, experience required before full membership of Australian Institute of Engineering may be granted,

teamwork, project management, computer literacy and oral/written communication.

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4
Q

career prospects

A

limitless career options for appropriately trained and motivated people. public and private industries, broadcasting enterprises and research institutions.

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5
Q

relations with the community

A

bring increased services to community.

complaints about telephone infrastructure and fibre optics cable roll outs. potential health effects living near microwave towers and high-tension power lines.

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6
Q

technologies unique to the profession

A

optical fibre used for increasing efficiency and capacity within telecommunications.

laser technology

satellite systems

internet

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7
Q

legal and ethical implications

A

privacy - messages take take different routes, making them susceptible to the message being intercepted and examined by other people. spam and junk mail, distribute message at lower cost. storage of personal information on databases can allow the electronic tracking of spending habits, personal and financial details. sophistication and reduced cost of modern equipment raises the potential for others to track and monitor our conversations, likes and dislikes, friends and acquaintances etc without our consent

copyright -

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8
Q

engineers as managers

A

plan infrastructure, development and improvement. system implementation requires careful planning in the early stages to consider not only current technology and needs but also room for future modifications, upgrades and expansion in capacity

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9
Q

current applications and innovations

A

allow people to work from a fixed setting, video conferencing and the transfer of data between centres. allow specialist doctors to access real-time data from paramedics in the field or home monitoring equipment. Digital Xrays can be transferred.

3D and HD television, video telephones, GPS, smart refrigerators that can create a shopping list

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10
Q

historical development within the telecommunications industry

A

lvh

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11
Q

the effect of telecommunications on people’s lives

A

gcj,t

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12
Q

materials and techniques used over time and development of cathode ray television including B/W and colour

A

cgs;kh

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13
Q

specialised testing - voltage, current, insulation

A

gj

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14
Q

specialised testing - signal strength and testing

A

A voltmeter is placed parallel across the position to be checked and the value read.

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15
Q

copper and its alloys in telecommunications including copper beryllium, copper zinc, electrolytic tough pitched copper - structure/property relationship and their application

A

kdt

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16
Q

semiconductors such as transistors, zener diodes, light emitting diodes and laser diodes - uses in telecommunications

A

ehbyvp

17
Q

polymers - insulation materials

A

gvj

18
Q

fibre optics - types and applications

A

consist of glass fibres, through which information is passed using light and the principle of total internal reflection.

properties: light weight, high flexibility, low dispersion, low attenuation, high bandwidth, resistance to kinks, unaffected by power surges, unaffected by electromagnetic interference. difficult to tap, leading to increased security.

19
Q

fibre optics - materials

A

the double crucible method - uses two crucibles, one inside the other, both of which empty through a common orifice. the emerging fibre contains a core from the inner crucible with a sheath originating from the outer crucible

modified chemical vapour deposition (MCVD) - uses a silica base or preform onto which a gas mixture is deposited. the mixture used determines the refractive index of the glass. the gases are condensed onto either the outside surface of a rod or the inside of a tubular preform to form the core. the preform is then heated in an oven and glass fibre drawn from it down to a desired thickness.

20
Q

telecommunications including - analogue and digital systems

A

gvt

21
Q

telecommunications including - modulation and demodulation

A

The successful transmission of information requires a carrier. modern communication uses electromagnetic radiation as the carrier. In order to add information to electromagnetic radiation, however, we need to modify or modulate the radiation in a controlled manner.

Modulation can be achieved by the variation of some aspect of the electromagnetic signal. The parameters available for control are:

  • frequency of radiation
  • amplitude or power level
  • phase of the waveform relative to a standard.

Within electrical systems, noise can include interference from other electromagnetic signals, from other transmissions or equipment with electromagnetic fields, excessive heat build up in circuits and electrical storms.

Transmission is limited by the amount of noise in the system and depends on:

  • bandwidth
  • temperature
  • type of modulation
22
Q

telecommunications including - radio transmission (AM, FM, digital)

A

AM - in amplitude modulation the intelligence signal is modified by being combined with a sinusoidal waveform of constant amplitude and frequency known as the carrier. In essence, the intelligence and carrier signals are multiplied together to form a new signal. “noise” reduces the sound quality.

Advantages- Demodulation can be done using few components and a circuit. The receiver used for AM is very cheap.
Disadvantages - It requires a very high bandwidth that is equivalent to that of the highest audio frequency. Noise interference is highly noticeable.

Used in some radio stations and visual signal for TV

FM - The FM system modulates the frequency of the carrier wave and not the amplitude. Noise does not affect FM as much as it does AM.

Advantages - less interference and noise, less power consumption compared to AM, adjacent FM channels are separated by guard bands.

Disadvantages - Equipment cost is higher. Has a large bandwidth, the receiving are of FM signal is small, the antennas for FM systems should be kept close for better communication.

Received by aerial ->amplified->detected->demodulated to remove the carrier frequency->amplified and sent to the loudspeaker.

23
Q

telecommunications including - digital television transmission and display such as plasma, LED, LCD, 3D

A

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24
Q

telecommunications including - telephony: fixed and mobile

A

vjhgut

25
Q

telecommunications including - transmission media - cable

A

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26
Q

telecommunications including - transmission media - wireless

A

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27
Q

telecommunications including - transmission media - infared

A

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28
Q

telecommunications including - transmission media - microwave

A

microwave systems allow the digital transmission of information without the need for physical connections between the transmitter and receiver.

microwave signals can be sent overland from dish to dish or can be transmitted to a satellite for redirection to another satellite or ground station.

29
Q

telecommunications including - transmission media - fibre-optic

A

Analog form (by varying the intensity or frequency of an optic signal) information is converted to digital form. the digitalised signal is converted to optic signal using a diode laser. laser light is introduced into the end of the fibre through a connector at the appropriate angle for the total internal reflection. because loss of light within the fibre is very small, information can be sent efficiently over long distances. at the terminus, light pulses are detected and reconstituted into a digital electrical signal.

high quality transmission although still a loss of signal due to impurities which act to disperse the signal. because of dispersion, the signal undergoes attenuation or reduction in strength, periodic amplification of the signal is therefore required. amplification of optical fibre signals may be attained by an electronic amplifier situated in the line, or an optical amplifier.

30
Q

satellite communication systems, geostationary, low orbit satellite and GPS

A

GEO - 35700km altitude, move relative to Earth once in position

advantages - higher bandwidth, allows remote sensing, fixed antenna link can be maintained with the satellite, lower gravitational pull means they can stay in orbit longer

disadvantages - resolution limited, higher cost to put in orbit, require line-of-sight communication, greater dependence on fewer satellites, higher orbit leads to transmission delay, common track above the equator poses problem in managing old satellites, increased damage to electronics due to exposure to radiation and charge accumilation.

uses - weather and communication, live television

MEO - 2000-35786km

uses - mobile and data communications, GPS

advantages - higher capacity than LEO, require fewer satellites than LEO

disadvantages - shorter orbital life than GEO, require line-of-sight communication, higher orbit leads to some transmission delay

LEO - 160-2000km

uses - communication, military renaissance

advantages - little or no signal delay, smaller and cheaper to launch than counterparts

disadvantages - sophisticated tracking equipment needed, LEO satellites generally have a shorter battery life than others, shorter life span than other systems due to the increased gravitational pull.

31
Q

AND

A

Current output (Q=1) only if both inputs are equal to 1.

A	B	X
0	0	0
0	1	0
1	0	0
1	1	1
32
Q

NAND

A

Current outputs opposite to AND.

A	B	X
0	0	1
0	1	1
1	0	1
1	1	0
33
Q

NOR

A

Current outputs opposite to OR gate.

A	B	X
0	0	0
0	1	1
1	0	1
1	1	1
34
Q

OR

A

Current output (Q=1) if any input equals 1.

A	B	X
0	0	1
0	1	0
1	0	0
1	1	0

Engineering (5 decks)

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