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Geography > Tectonics KO > Flashcards

Tectonics KO Flashcards

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1
Q

What are composite volcanoes?

A

Steep-sided volcanoes found at constructive plate margins.

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2
Q

What is the mantle?

A

A hot, dense layer of Earth found between the crust and core.

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3
Q

What is a conservative plate margin?

A

Two plates sliding alongside each other, in the same or different directions.

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4
Q

What is a constructive plate margin?

A

Tectonic plate margin where rising magma adds new material to plates that are diverging or moving apart.

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5
Q

What is monitoring in the context of volcanoes?

A

Recording physical changes, i.e. detecting heat and shape changes of volcanoes using remote sensing, to help forecast when and where a natural hazard might strike.

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6
Q

What is oceanic crust?

A

The dense, thin outer layer of Earth that lies underneath the ocean.

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7
Q

What is continental crust?

A

The low density, thick outer layer of Earth which forms our continents.

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8
Q

What are convection currents?

A

Circular movement of heat within Earth which drive the movement of tectonic plates.

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9
Q

What is disaster planning?

A

Actions taken to enable communities to respond to, and recover from, natural disasters.

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10
Q

What is a destructive plate margin?

A

Tectonic plate margin where two plates are converging and oceanic plate is subducted – there could be violent earthquakes and explosive volcanoes.

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11
Q

What is an earthquake?

A

Sudden or violent movement within the Earth’s crust.

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12
Q

What is a plate margin?

A

The border between two tectonic plates.

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13
Q

What is prediction in the context of natural hazards?

A

Using historical evidence and monitoring, scientists can make predictions about when and where a hazard may happen.

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14
Q

What are fold mountains?

A

Uplifted land that is crumpled by the collision of two plates (collision margins & destructive margins).

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15
Q

What are primary effects?

A

Initial impact of a natural event on people and property, caused directly by it, i.e. the buildings collapsing following an earthquake.

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16
Q

What are geophysical measurements?

A

Measurements taken at the surface of the Earth to detect changes below, such as detecting changes in gravity as magma rises to the surface.

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17
Q

What is protection in disaster management?

A

Actions taken before a hazard strikes to reduce its impact, such as educating people or improving building design.

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18
Q

What is ground deformation?

A

Changes in the shape of volcanoes which is closely monitored to predict eruptions.

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19
Q

What are hot spots?

A

Where the Earth’s crust is thin so magma is able to break through the surface, forming volcanoes.

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20
Q

What is remote sensing?

A

Satellites detect heat and changes to a volcano’s shape.

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21
Q

What is search and rescue?

A

An immediate response to a disaster where people are removed from danger and aid is provided.

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22
Q

What is hydrology?

A

The study of Earth’s water.

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23
Q

What are immediate responses?

A

Reaction of people as the disaster happens and in the immediate aftermath.

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24
Q

What are secondary effects?

A

After-effects that occur as indirect impacts of a natural event, sometimes on a longer timescale, i.e. fires due to ruptured gas mains, resulting from the ground shaking.

25
Q

What is a landslide?

A

The movement of rock, earth or debris down the slope of a hill.

26
Q

What is seismicity?

A

The frequency and distribution of earthquakes in a certain area, recorded by seismographs.

27
Q

What is lava?

A

Magma that has erupted from a volcano.

28
Q

What is a shield volcano?

A

Broad, flat volcano with non-violent eruptions.

29
Q

What are long-term responses?

A

Later reactions that occur in the weeks, months and years after the event.

30
Q

What is magma?

A

Molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface formed at constructive margins and at ‘hot spots.’

31
Q

What is subduction?

A

At a destructive margin, where the denser oceanic plate moves beneath the less dense continental plate.

32
Q

What are management strategies?

A

Techniques of controlling, responding to, or dealing with an event.

33
Q

What is a tectonic hazard?

A

Natural hazard caused by the movement of tectonic plates (i.e. volcanoes and earthquakes).

34
Q

How do constructive plate margins form

A

Constructive plate margins occur where two plates are moving
apart. A gap forms between the two plates and magma rises and fills
this gap. When magma reaches the surface it forms volcanoes. The
Lava at these margins is thin and runny so the volcanoes do not
erupt with much power.

35
Q

How do destructive plate margins form

A

Destructive margins are found where an oceanic plate is crashing
into a continental plate. Because the oceanic plate is denser it is
pushed under the oceanic plate (subduction). Where the two plates
meet a deep ocean trench is formed. Friction between the plates
causes earthquakes. As the oceanic plate is subducted it melts and
rises back up to form volcanoes. The lava at these margins is sticky
and so the volcanoes have powerful eruptions.

36
Q

How do conservative plate margins form

A

Conservative plate margins are where two plates are moving past
each other. Friction between the plates causes earthquakes. The
plate on the left in this diagram is moving more slowly than the one
on the left. An example of this is the San Andreas fault in California
(USA).

37
Q

How do collision plate boundaries form

A

Collision plate margins are formed where two continental plates
crash together. The plates are folded forming fold mountains. An
example of this is the margin between the Indian plate and the
Asian plate which has formed the Himalayas.

38
Q

When was the Haiti earthquake

A

2010

39
Q

What plate boundary was the Haiti earthquake

A

Port Au prince, the capital is on a conservative plate boundary

40
Q

What was the strength of the Haiti earthquake

A

7

41
Q

Primary impacts of the Haiti earthquake (social)

A
  • 316,000 died
  • 300,000 injured
42
Q

Primary impacts of the Haiti earthquake (economic)

A
  • 90% of building destroyed
    including clothing factories
43
Q

Secondary impacts of the Haiti earthquake (social)

A
  • Haiti’s morgues couldn’t
    cope
  • Cholera outbreak kills 9800
    due to poor sanitation
  • 1 million made homeless
44
Q

Secondary impacts of the Haiti earthquake (economic)

A
  • Two thirds of Haiti’s GDP
    lost due to clothing factory
    collapse
45
Q

Short term responses to the Haiti earthquake

A
  • No national or international rescue
    teams in first few days
  • Only one ambulance service dealing with
    relief
46
Q

Long term responses to the Haiti earthquake

A
  • Almost not long-term response (6
    months after quake, 98% of rubble still
    not cleared and 1 year after – 1.6 million
    people still living in relief camps)
  • The World Bank waived debt
    repayments for 5 years
47
Q

Was Haiti able to cope?

A

No because…
1. Low GNI, most people lived in slums
and no building regulations so most
of the city destroyed
2. Corrupt government

48
Q

When was the Japan earthquake

A

2016

49
Q

What plate boundary was the Japan earthquake on

A

Destructive plate boundary

50
Q

GNI per head Haiti

A

$729 - LIC

51
Q

GNI per head Japan

A

$48,858 - HIC

52
Q

Strength of the Japan earthquake

A

7

53
Q

Primary social impacts of the Japan earthquake

A
  • 273 people died
  • 2800 injured
54
Q

Primary economic impacts of the Japan earthquake

A
  • 1,000 buildings damaged (many in CBD)
55
Q

Secondary social impacts of the Japan earthquake

A
  • Power and water cut off to tens of thousands
    of homes
  • Landslides
56
Q

Secondary economic impacts of the Japan earthquake

A
  • A few factories suspended manufacturing for
    one weekS
57
Q

Short term responses to Japan earthquake

A
  • Japanese government deployed 20,000 troops
  • 4 military air craft deployed
  • 150,000 moved to shelters before earthquake
    as sensors picked up foreshocks
58
Q

Long term responses to Japan earthquake

A
  • Those that lost their homes put in temporary
    housing
  • Government paid consolation money to
    families with damaged homes or family
    members of dead
59
Q

Was Japan able to cope

A

Yes because…
1. High GNI, some of the strictest building
regulations in the world so buildings
earthquake resistant
2. Efficient government

Geography (10 decks)

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