Tectonics - Iceland

Question 1

A case study to show how:
* tectonic landscapes provide economic opportunities such as agriculture energy generation, tourism, mining.

*people adapt to challenging physical conditions in areas of tectonic activity.

Answer 1

Iceland

Question 2

Economic opportunities

Answer 2

• $8 billion saved on fossil fuel imports.
• Aluminium smelting employs 4300
• 80% domestic heating from geothermal
• 50,000m2 of greenhouses in Hveragadi
• Fish farming in Reykholar
• 700,000 tourists contribute 6% of GDP

Question 3

Iceland economic opportunities 4

Answer 3

50,000m2 of greenhouses in Hveragadi

Question 4

Iceland economic opportunities 5

Answer 4

Fish farming in Reykholar

Question 5

Iceland economic opportunities 6

Answer 5

700,000 tourists contribute 6% of GDP

Question 6

Challenge and Adaptation

Economic

Answer 6

Challenge
Ash and gas released by volcano’s like Ejyafjallajokul 2010 can kill overstock causing economic losses for farmers.

Adaptation
Prediction helps farmers prepare and get livestock inside barns. The civil protection department has an amazing merge cry insurance fund to help farmers to recover losses

Question 7

Challenge and Adaptation

Social

Answer 7

Challenge
Lives are threatened by the presence of natural hazards such as the town of Vik which is threatened by a jokulhlaup if Katla (glacial flood) erupts.
Adaptation
Prediction and preparation reduce the potential for disaster and short and long term responses are carefully planned and reviewed following a hazard event. The Icelandic Met Office maps predict events to inform evacuation and equipment so responses can be prepared in advance.

Question 8

Challenge and Adaptation

Environmental

Answer 8

Challenge
Steep volcanic slopes and high frequency earthquakes can cause landslides, rockfalls and avalanches in areas such as Skaftafel.
Adaptation
People protect houses at the base of slopes by putting Avalanche breaks in place. Slopes can be stabilised by native vegetation like Arctic Lupines as well.

Question 9

A case study to show:

• the impacts (p&s) of a major volcano eruption
• the immediate and long term responses to major volcanic eruptions.
• how monitoring,prediction and preparation can reduce the impacts of a volcanic eruption

Answer 9

Mount Sinabung Indonesia

Question 10

Mount Sinabung Impacts 1

Answer 10

2010, 2013 x2 Feb 2014

Question 11

Mount Sinabung Impacts 2

Answer 11

16 dead

Question 12

Mount Sinabung Impacts 3

Answer 12

26,000 from32 villages evacuated

Question 13

Mount Sinabung Impacts 4

Answer 13

Crops destroyed in North Sumatra

Question 14

Mount Sinabung Impacts 5

Answer 14

£2 billion rebuild cost

Question 15

Mount Sinabung Impacts 6

Answer 15

Biodiversity threatened in unique ecosystems (Sumatran Tiger and Sumatran Rhino) to lahars disrupting and poisoning rivers.

Question 16

Mount Sinabung responses 1

Answer 16

26,000 evacuated from villages to temporary shelters.

Question 17

Mount Sinabung responses 2

Answer 17

Authorities requested face masks from Japan as emergency aid to prevent respiratory diseases from the ash

Question 18

Mount Sinabung responses 3

Answer 18

Government ask charities like Red Cross to provide emergency medical equipment.

Question 19

Mount Sinabung responses 4

Answer 19

Indonesia’s metrological officers recasts rain storms and maps potential lahar flows

Question 20

Mount Sinabung responses 5

Answer 20

Tiltmeters are used on the volcano to help predict future eruptions

Question 21

Mount Sinabung responses 6

Answer 21

Government is stock piling emergency equipment such as, water purification tablets, in northern Sumatra

Question 22

Case studies to show:

• the contrasting impacts (primary and secondary) of a major earthquake in an LEDC and an MEDC.
• the contrasting responses (immediate and long term) of a major earthquake in an MEDC and an LEDC.
• how prediction planning and preparation can reduce the impacts of an earthquake.

Answer 22

Haiti - LEDC

Japan - MEDC

Question 23

Impacts Haiti and Japan 1

Answer 23

H - 2010 RS 7

J - 2011 RS 9

Question 24

Impacts Haiti and Japan 2

Answer 24

Haiti death toll of 170,000

10x more than Japan

Question 25

Impacts Haiti and Japan 3

Answer 25

• Haiti epicentre 25km from au Prince
• Japan 125km from Sendai
• Haiti focus 13km
• Japan focus 26km

Question 26

Impacts Haiti and Japan 4

Answer 26

Haiti Ports destroyed - Port au Prince

Japan ports destroyed - Sendai (10% GDP lost)

Question 27

Impacts Haiti and Japan 5

Answer 27

Haiti
Destruction of ports, delayed emergency aid from USA.
Outbreaks of disease (cholera)
Death Toll - 60,000 deaths, 1,000 cholera

Japan
Fukushima nuclear plant.

Question 28

Impacts Haiti and Japan 6

Answer 28

Haiti experience greater social impacts.
Haiti continues to suffer 6 years on.

Japan experience economic impacts but took 6 months to recover.

Question 29

Responses Haiti and Japan 1

Answer 29

Haiti 2010 RS 7

Japan 2011 RS 9

Question 30

Responses Haiti and Japan 2

Answer 30

Japan ran drills in 2008 with 18,000 residents so they knew how to respond.

Haiti had people who had no clue what to do, to police force, to emergency aid.

Question 31

Responses Haiti and Japan 3

Answer 31

Japan- within 30 mins had aircrafts were pinpointing places which were suffering and dropping supplies.

Haiti - no clue what to do

Question 32

Responses Haiti and Japan 4

Answer 32

Japan - in 2 weeks over half of Tohuku express way was repaired and within 6 months the Tohuku airport was finished