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Physical Geography > TECTONICS! > Flashcards

TECTONICS! Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three types of plate margins?

A

conservative
constructive
destructive

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2
Q

what are oceanic tectonic plates made of?

A

basaltic rock

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3
Q

destructive plate margins:

A 
the oceanic plate slides beneath continental
rocks catch against one another
pressure between plates build
plates slip past each other
ground shakes
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4
Q

what causes plates to move?

A

movement in the mantle

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5
Q

what thickness are oceanic and continental plates?

A

oceanic: 7-10km
continental: 25-75km

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6
Q

three types of tectonic hazard:

A

earthquake
tsunami
volcano

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7
Q

what is a cause of intra-plate earthquakes?

A

stresses reactivating ancient fault lines

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8
Q

formation of intra-plate volcanoes:

A

isolated plumes of concerting heat rise towards surface
plume remains stationery but tectonic plate above moves
plate movement continues to produce chain of volcanic islands

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9
Q

what is a hazard

A

a natural/geophysical event that has the potential to threaten both life and property

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10
Q

how are hotspots made?

A

hot mass of rising heat
a weakness in a plate
magma rises to the surface

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11
Q

what is the name given to the impact of the Indo-Australian plate with the Eurasian plate?

A

collision zone

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12
Q

the inner and outer core are made from…

A

iron and nickel

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13
Q

what process happens at collision margins?

A

fold mountains are formed

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14
Q

what is true of the earth’s structure?

A

the core is a source of radioactive heat
the lithosphere is 80-90km thick
outer core is more liquid than inner core

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15
Q

what proves new crust is created by sea floor spreading at mid-ocean ridges?

A

paleomagnetic signals

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16
Q

what can be expected at constructive plate margins?

A

basaltic eruptions
low viscosity lava
low magnitude, shallow-focus earthquakes

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17
Q

order of earth’s structure

A 
inner core
outer core
mantle
asthenosphere 
lithosphere
crust
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18
Q

what are some plate tectonic discoveries?

A

Wegener’s continental drift hypothesis
seafloor spreading creates new crust
slab pull drags down high density ocean floor at convergent boundaries
gravitational siding at divergent boundaries
internal radioactive hear drives convection currents

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19
Q

what happens at the Californian San Andreas fault?

A

transform margin: high magnitude, shallow focus earthquakes are common but no volcanic activity

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20
Q

what do higher altitudes of oceanic crust at ridges create at divergent plate boundaries?

A

gravitational sliding

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21
Q

how is energy released from the focus of an earthquake ?

A

seismic waves

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22
Q

what type of earthquake wave causes the least damage?

A

p-waves

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23
Q

what are the causes of deep-focus earthquakes?

A

previously subducted crust moving towards earth’s core
previously subducted crust heating up
previously subducted crust decomposing

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24
Q

what is the point directly above the centre of an earthquake on the earth’s surface?

A

epicentre

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25
Q

when an earthquake happens, what waves have the ability to shake the ground violently, but what cause more damage?

A

s-waves

l-waves

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26
Q

what are shallow focus earthquakes?

A

where the focus is 0-70km under earth’s surface

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27
Q

types of earthquake wave:

A

l-waves: only across surface, cause most damage
p-waves: fastest, cause least damage
s-waves: shake ground violently, only produced by some earthquakes

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28
Q

why are deep focus earthquakes less damaging than shallow focus earthquakes?

A

shock waves have to travel further so cause less shaking at surface

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29
Q

what are the main secondary hazards of earthquakes?

A

liquefaction
tsunamis
landslides

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30
Q

two primary hazards of an earthquake:

A

ground shaking

crystal fracturing

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31
Q

what happened in Pompeii in AD79?

A

Mount Vesuvius erupted and covered the city with pyroclastic flow

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32
Q

what is a jökulhaup?

A

type of glacial flooding caused by melting ice caps and glaciers (secondary hazard of some volcanoes)

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33
Q

what is true of pyroclastic flow?

A

very hot and high velocity

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34
Q

what is a lahar?

A

fast mudflows that happen when rain mobilises deposits of volcanic ash

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35
Q

primary hazards of volcanoes:

A

ash falls
pyroclastic flow
lava flows
volcanic gases eg. CO2, carbon monoxide

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36
Q

what follows the vertical displacement of the seabed?

A

water column displacement

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37
Q

characteristics of tsunamis:

A 
often preceded by drawback
reaches coast as wave-train 
very short amplitude at sea
very long wavelength at sea
high velocity (speeds of up to 700ph)
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38
Q

the Boxing Day tsunami:

A

epicentre in Banda Aceh
magnitude of 9.2
happened in 2004

39
Q

what is a drawback?

A

when water is sucked up and away causing a localised drop in sea level

40
Q

which direction is the seabed displaced after a submarine earthquake?

A

vertically

41
Q

what is the probability of a hazard happening and creating a loss of lives/ livelihood

A

risk

42
Q

how is a populations ability to cope with a natural disaster increased?

A

emergency evacuation, rescue and relief systems

43
Q

what is vulnerability?

A

the risk of exposure to hazards combined with an inability to cope with them

44
Q

what does the PAR model say?

A

risk is a function of vulnerability and nature of tectonic hazard

45
Q

what is a disaster?

A

when a hazard has a significant impact on people: the consequence of a hazard happening

46
Q

what is the hazard risk equation?

A

risk = (hazard x vulnerability) / capacity to cope

47
Q

what does the PAR model show?

A

the connections between the nature of a hazard and its wider context

48
Q

what does the PAR model stand for?

A

pressure and release

49
Q

why is it difficult to compare impacts between countries?

A

the hazard itself will be different
socio-economic characters are different
deaths in developed countries usually low, but high in developing countries

50
Q

what are some social impacts of a hazard?

A

deaths, injuries, physical health impacts, psychological health impacts

51
Q

measuring tectonic hazards:

A

volcanoes: VEI, magnitude
earthquakes: MMS, mercalli scale

52
Q

what was the areal extent of the Kashmir 2005 earthquake?

A

1000km2

53
Q

what would be associated with high risk natural hazards?

A 
low frequencies
large areal extents
rapid speeds of onset
low spatial predictability 
high magnitudes
54
Q

information contained in hazard profiles:

A 
magnitude
speed of onset
areal effect
duration
frequency 
spatial predictability
55
Q

hazard profile of Kashmir earthquake:

A 
areal extent of <1000km2
MMS 7.6
aftershocks of MMS 6.4
damage centred on Muzaffarabad
ground shaking lasted 30-45 secs
56
Q

what magnitude and frequency would a high risk event have?

A

high magnitude and low frequency

57
Q

what do hazard profiles summarise?

A

the physics processes shared by all hazards so that decision makers can determine which areas are most at risk

58
Q

which of the following are characteristics of places with a low HDI (<0.55)?

A

low education levels
people lack basic things in ‘normal’ time
poor access to healthcare
informal housing

59
Q

why are death tolls from natural disasters higher in urban areas than rural?

A

high concentration of people at risk

60
Q

what should governments be doing after a disaster?

A

meeting basic needs by proving sufficient food and water

tackling corruption and making sure aid money is not taken by officials

61
Q

zoning

A

splitting up land use between different areas of a city to make sure there are no houses on unstable land

62
Q

what does HDI stand for?

A

human development index

63
Q

what counts as having a low HDI score?

A

less than 0.55

64
Q

immediate response to the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami

A

search and rescue
preventing nuclear disaster at Fukushima
evacuating people from the Fukushima area

65
Q

what kind of tectonic zone did the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami occur on?

A

subduction

66
Q

statements about the 2011 Tohoku earthquake:

A 
16,000 known deaths
economic losses were US$300bil
magnitude MMS 9.0
tsunami travelled up to 20km inland
happened on a subduction zone
67
Q

what was he government post disaster report for the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami focused on?

A

future safety measures

68
Q

features of the Gorkha earthquake:

A

MMS 7.9
90km NE of Kathmandu
9000 deaths
22000 injured

69
Q

how much financial aid did the Asian Development Bank provide for reconstruction work?

A

US$200million

70
Q

aid post-earthquake:

A

ADB gave US$200 million
1mil needed emergency food
severe gender discrimination

71
Q

statements about the 2015 Gorkha earthquake:

A

NE of kathmandu
2.8mil people displaced from kathmandu valley
9000 deaths, 22000 injured
magnitude MMS 7.9

72
Q

statement about the 2010 Mount Merapi eruption:

A

large pyroclastic flows caused damage
eruption came from a composite cone
a lahar caused devastation
the volcano is at a subduction zone

73
Q

things delivered by government aid post-eruption:

A

food
water
hygiene kits

74
Q

what was the VEI of the 2010 Mount Merapi eruption?

A

4

75
Q

Mount Merapi eruption:

A 
VEI of 4
large clouds of ash
353 deaths
350000 successfully evacuated
rice harvest lost
forest destroyed by pyroclastic flows
76
Q

Mount Merapi 2010 eruption responses:

A

pre-eruption: evacuated everyone within 20km of the volcano

post eruption: government aid (food, water, hygiene kits), local airports shut, refugee shelters

77
Q

statements about earthquakes since 1980:

A

15-40 disasters per year
large disasters have skewed death numbers
economic losses have increased

78
Q

what % of earthquake deaths since 2005 can be accounted for by Kashmir (2005) Sichuan (2008) and Nepal (2015)?

A

40%

79
Q

characteristics of multiple hazard zones:

A

at risk from global climate perturbations eg. ENSO
geologically young eg. prone to landslides
on major storm tracks eg. mid-latitudes or on tropical cyclone tracks
tectonically active eg. earthquakes and volcanoes are common

80
Q

what does ENSO stand for?

A

the El Niño Southern Oscillation

81
Q

examples of large tectonic disasters in the himalayas:

A

Kashmir 2005
Sichuan 2008
Nepal 2015

82
Q

how many volcanic eruptions have killed more than 100 people since 1980?

A

7

83
Q

what would you use to record volcanoes ‘bulging’ as magma rises?

A

tilt meter

84
Q

equipment to monitor volcanoes:

A

gas spectrometer: analyse gas emissions that can point to increased eruption likelihood

seismometer: records minor earthquakes that indicate magma movement
tiltmeter: record volcanoes bulging as magma rises

85
Q

what does forecasting mean?

A

giving a percentage chance of a hazard happening

86
Q

what does prediction mean?

A

knowing when and where a natural hazard will strike so that meaningful action can be taken

87
Q

the hazard management cycle stages:

A

response (immediate rescue help)
recovery (rebuilding infrastructure and services
mitigation (trying to reduce scale of next disaster)
preparedness (community education and resilience building)

88
Q

what does the Park Disaster Response Model show?

A

the different stages of disasters
impact of disaster on quality of life
usefulness of management strategies
response curve (depends on preparedness and economic development)

89
Q

how can land use zonin be used?

A

to prevent building on low lying coasts to avoid tsunami damage
avoid building on areas where liquefaction is likely

90
Q

what would be used in an earthquake-proof building?

A

cross-bracing

91
Q

what are examples of emergency aid?

A

search and rescue

emergency food water and shelter

92
Q

how can vulnerability to natural disasters be modified?

A

using hi tech monitoring to monitor volcanoes and predict eruptions
through community preparedness and education

93
Q

why would you build a building with deep foundations, cross-bracing and counterweights?

A

to resist earthquake damage

Physical Geography (7 decks)

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