TECTONICS Flashcards
1
Q
JAPAN, Tohoku
A
- 2011
- 9Mw
- most powerful to hit Japan
- 4th most powerful EQ in world
- 133ft tsunami - damaged backup power generator, 10m high waves
- 15,800 dead
- 6,000 injured
- 2,500 missing
- $235 billion damage
- deaths due to collapsing buildings, majority due to tsunami
- electricity and water systems disrupted
- buildings, roads, railways = severely damaged
- over 127,000 buildings collapsed
- dam burst and EQ cut main power
- advanced warning of EQ and tsunami
- economy started growing again in late summer
- annual disaster prevention day (Sep. 1st) = education
- stricter building codes, aseismic buildings
- debris removed by 2015, sea wall build to protect coastal zone
2
Q
PAKISATAN, Kashmir
A
- 2005
- population of 11.2 million
- 7.6Mw
- poor quality buildings
- houses built on undesirable (steep) land
- lack of knowledge on aseismic construction
- road blockages due to landslide
- no local disaster planning, economy is priority
- 100,000 deaths mostly from collapsing buildings
- water and electricity cut off
- 250,000 farm animals died - most significant source of income, high agricultural dependency
- many schools and hospitals destroyed
- Pakistani gov. encouraged work force to emigrate (attracts FDI)
- poor relations with Indian gov. = no aid
- UN 2.4mil blankets, 1.2mil quilts
- Dhaji Dewari
- remote region, mountainous environment, Saturday morning, Ramadan
- hypothermia
3
Q
NEW ZEALAND, Christchurch
A
- Sep 2010 (7.1) and Feb 2011 (6.3) - more prepared second time
- population 400,000
- 7.1Mw
- GDP per capita = $27,000
- adult literacy rate = 99%
- 100% of people have access to clean water
- liquefaction
- 185 killed, 80 due to TV building collapses
- $40billion worth of damage
- water + sewerage pipes ruptured = contamination
- received aid money
- 800 workers helped clean the city
- 30,000 chemical toilets produced
- divided into zones, colour coded, what was destroyed or partly destroyed
- built cardboard cathedral
- built recreational areas, cricket oval, bus station, playground
- hospital and centres used for emergency care, GP
- recovered quick, tourism was affected
4
Q
TURKEY, Izmit
A
- 1999
- population 2.8 million
- 7.6Mw
- no local disaster planning
- poor infrastructure, buildings and contractors build houses using shortcuts to save money and time
- 30,000 deaths, building collapses
- 600,000 people homeless
- water pipes, electricity lines broken, cutting off supply for 12 days
- North Anatolian Fault (conservative)
- fire and tsunami
- if better organised, death toll down by 10x or 100x
- energy plants, gas plants, rail routes = high seismic risk
- know where EQ will hit, don’t know when
- land zoning would help
- not prepared but know its coming, no trust/faith in government
- anger and discontent, religious barriers
- info might not be correct, stress for no reason
- gov. doesn’t regard geoscience, doesn’t inform public
5
Q
CONGO, Nyiragongo
A
- 2002
- population 1mil
- major eruptions, responsible for 40% of Africa’s EQ’s
- 147 deaths
- 14 villages destroyed
- large number lost work place, employment, income
- 400,000 evacuated
- ash carried into atmosphere, choked machinery, breathing difficulties
- 2/4 hospitals damaged
- warnings given
- VEI of 1
6
Q
IRAN, Bam
A
- 2003
- 6.6Mw
- isolated part of South Iran
- more than 26,000 deaths but EQ’s of this magnitude happen weekly on global scale
- death toll unusually high
- high population density
- cold winter - many died due to hypothermia
- 5am - many were sleeping
- old mud brick buildings, key part of tourism, some buildings 2,400 years old
- Iranian building code not properly enforced, weak infrastructure
- 3 main hospitals all destroyed
- Arabian and Eurasian plat collision
- UNESCO, historic area, tourism
- geographically isolated, Kerman nearest major town
- EQ focus = shallow, 7km
- 10seconds, buried in dust and rubble
- only one road takes to Bam
- heavy roofs, traditional building techniques
- wooden structure = termite damage
- medical professionals dead
- no warnings
- international aid, 26 countries
7
Q
NEPAL
A
- 2015
- 7.8Mw
- 9,000 people died, 22,000 injured
- lots of warnings because of geology, urbanisation, architecture, no maintenance
- high population density
- 6,000 schools destroyed
- hospital = 3hour walk
- 130,000 homes destroyed
- Caste structures create division + inequality, lack of community
- 3.5million needed food assistance
- temple rebuilt before houses, priority for one religion
- share inherited property, old not aseismic
- 5million people crammed
- vulnerable people are a low priority
- Dalits and Janajatis = mud houses, collapse
- Higher castes = concrete dwellings
8
Q
ICELAND, Eyajafjallajökull
A
- 2010
- 4 on VEI scale
- rapid lava cooling creating a cloud highly abrasive, glass-rich ash
- European economy lost $5bn
- African economy lost $65mil
- loss of airlines $1.1bil
- ash clouds reached as far as Italy
- flights to/from European airports affected
- reduced air traffic and pollution around Europe
- cancelled sports, music (Coachella), art events
- MotoGP Japan suffered from airfreight reduction
- Kenyan flower industry lost $2mil in produce
- NO casualties
- 107,000 flights cancelled worldwide, 8 day period, 10million passengers stranded
- Uganda’s fishing industry + business flow affected
- New Zealand fishing economy = benefitted
- Nissan Plant in Japan stopped production, ran out of sensor produced in Iceland
- BMW- down 700 vehicles
- Hong Kong= hotel supply shortages
- South Korea- LG and Samsung
- vulnerable countries exposed, wasn’t something they thought they had to worry about
9
Q
HAWAII
A
- VEI of 1
- 34 eruptions since 1952
- lot of environmental damage
- 18years continuous eruptions
10
Q
ITALY, Catania
A
- 2006
- hugely vulnerable to eruptions + EQs
- benefits from fertile soil + vineyards
- vulnerable infrastructure, cable cars, skiing, railway, airport
- financial assistance from Italian gov often needed, losses in tourism + agriculture= 5-6million
- scientists improved monitoring of volcano through computer models|: bulge, gasses released, temp. change, pre-eruptive degassing
- more planning for emergency service + evacuation plans
- lava= andesitic, impurities makes dangerous, high silica content
- built earth barriers/explosives to disrupt and redirect lava
- 10 municipalities (community council) meet once, difficult to decide who is responsible for what
- poor part of Italy
- limited road access, no alternatives to airport when closed
11
Q
CHILE, The Andes
A
- 2010
- 8.8 Mw
- Pacific Ring of Fire
- triggered a tsunami, 15m high waves
- 500+ deaths
- violent tectonic history, location of focus, GPS sensors, neighbouring countries detection
- building damage limited due to building codes
- copper production= major part of economy, was halted
- power cuts
- 50,000 provisional homes
- 10,000 troops dispatched quickly to devastated areas
12
Q
USA, Yellowstone (Montana)
A
- super volcano: eruption can change characteristics of world
- ejection of 1000km2 of magma
- 25mile high ash cloud
- everything within 100miles of eruption= damaged
- UK- receive ash cloud 5 days later
- global economy= under huge pressure
13
Q
INDONESIA, Palu
A
- prone to EQ + eruptions
- 6.9Mw EQ struck in 2018 killing over 555 people, 353,000 left homeless
- gov declared 3 week state of emergency
- gov mobilised the Natural Disaster Mitigation Agency + national military
- helicopters assisted emergency
- 300,000 tents sent
- no power
- remote location, airport damaged, landslides destroyed roads, bridge collapsed
- funnelling of water in bay + worse
- Baiturrahman Mosque destroyed
- tsunami 30 mins later
14
Q
PHILIPPINES, Manilla
A
- 3rd in World Risk Index
- population 101million
- of 10 most at risk cities in world, 8 are in Philippines
- 74% of population exposed to 2+ hazards
- Multiple Hazard Zone
- Ring of Fire
- rapid urbanisation = large unplanned informal settlement
- 25% of population = poverty
- high population densities
- 50% of rural population = poverty, dependent on agriculture
- corruption= more deaths
- 2 destructive margins, joined by conservative margin
- 12 destructive EQ in last 40 yrs
- deforestation
- extreme weather = La Nina, heavy rainfall, saturated soil = landslides, and vegetation removed = even worse
- heavy rain mixes with volcanic ash = lahars
- volcanic eruptions, volcanic plums = static charge, lightning, thunder
15
Q
PHILIPPINES: 1991
Mt Pinatubo + Typhoon Yunya
A
- June 15th 1991
- largest eruption of 20th century
- VEI 6
- pyroclastic flows, volcanic ash clouds
- winds - 120mph
- lahars
- 847 dead
- 73,000 houses damaged, wet ash
- $211 million economic impact
- powerful eruptions, ejected aerosols, dust, sulphuric acid
- reduction in sunlight by 10%, global temp lowered by 0.4C
