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GeographyIGCSE > Tectonics > Flashcards

Tectonics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of the earth?

A

Crust: hard outer shell

Mantle: soft molten rock

Outer Core: Liquid iron and nickel

Inner Core: Solid Boiling

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2
Q

What’s the differences between oceanic and continental Crust

A

Oceanic: 5-10km
Dense
Sinks in mantle
Not as old (constantly forms)

Continental: 25-100km
Less dense (Doesn’t sink)
Very old

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3
Q

What happens at Constructive Boundaries?

A
  1. Plates move away
  2. Magma rises and cools
  3. Constructs new land and volcanos
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4
Q

What happens at Destructive Boundaries?

A
  1. Plates move towards eachother
  2. Oceanic plate sinks under the continental causing friction and magma to rise
  3. Fold Mountains and Volcanos are made
  4. Slips cause earthquakes
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5
Q

What happens at collision boundaries?

A
  1. Plates move towards eachother
  2. sediment is compressed into rock
  3. Rock is forced upwards to form fold mountains
  4. there is earthquake activity
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6
Q

What happens at Conservative Boundaries?

A
  1. Plates move next to eachother
  2. They move at different speeds so frictions builds up
  3. When released can create violent earthquake activity
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7
Q

Composite and Shield Volcanos

A

Composite: Destructive
Steep sides
Pyroclastic flow

Shield: Constructive
Low shallow
Lava is runny

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8
Q

Monitoring and Predicting volcanos

A

ElectronicTiltMeter: shape

Seismometer: rumbling as magma flow

Sulphur Dioxide emissions

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9
Q

Montserrat Background and Caused

A

Caribbean UK island

Destructive boundary

first tremors 1992, Eruptions 1995 and 20 yrs later

Pyroclastic flow lasted 2 years

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10
Q

Effects of Montserrat

A

2/3 covered in ash

5mill m lava

destroyed coral reefs and acid rain

Government breakdown

Houses and Villages destroyed (75% relocated)

4km covered in pyroclastic flow

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11
Q

Responses to Montserrat

A

Evacuation of 2/3

British government have £41 mill

Volcano observatory

expansion of jobs and tourist resort

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12
Q

Super volcano Background and Causes

A

last eruption 640000yrs

6.5 km below the surface

64km wide magma chamber

Magma blocked from crust, pressure builds up so much that surface is blown away creating a caldera

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13
Q

SuperVolcano effects

A

1000km lava

50km high

all life in a 1000km radius would die

Cover the whole of US in 12.5cm thick lava

ash would reduce radiation from sun

ice age

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14
Q

What causes Earthquakes?

A

When plates try to move they often get stuck and frictions begins to build up

When this pressure is released suddenly it can cause massive shockwaves to be sent out

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15
Q

Kobe (MEDC) Background and Causes

A

Japan 16th Jan 1995

  1. 2 on the Richter scale
  2. 5 million people

$71 billion worth of cargo a year

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16
Q

Effects of Kobe

A

200,000 buildings destroyed

1km expressway collapsed

120-150 quays destroyed

230,000 left homeless

5500 dead, 40000 injured

17
Q

Kobe responses

A

80% facilities working in a year

£56 billion damage

regular earthquake drills

buildings made earthquake proof

18
Q

Haiti (LEDC) Background and causes

A

Caribbean Island

Destructive plate

7.0richter scale, 12th Jan 2010

Epicentre 25km away from port au prince

There had been no earthquakes in living memory

had a weak government

overcrowded and homes built badly

19
Q

Haiti Effects

A

220,000 killed
300,000 injured

Port, streets, roads, buildings damaged

100,000homes destroyed(1.3homeless)

2mill without food or water

shanty towns created and disease spread

20
Q

Haiti responses

A

Immediate:

  • team of engineers
  • us sent $100 mill
  • us and un sent troops
  • UN sent food for 2 million
  • 235000 moved from port-au-prince

Long term:

  • dependent on overseas aid
  • new homes cost billions
  • large scale investment needed
21
Q

What causes a Tsunami?

A

displacement of sea beds due to underwater earthquake

a large wave moved through ocean

high speeds in deep water

slow in shallow water but increase in size

22
Q

Boxing Day Tsunami Causes

A

epicentre of the coast of Sumatra

26th December 2004

9.0 and 9.3 on the Richter scale

23
Q

Boxing Day effects

A

12 countries effected

236,169 declared dead in Indonesia

70% of the coastal population dead

SE India effected worst

24
Q

Responses Boxing Day Tsunami

A

Clean water, food and tents arrived as aid

$7 billion donated worldwide

£330 million by UK public

1.3 received food from UN

Tsunami system set up, formal warnings sent out

Bells, megaphones and all media devices

restore the mangroves

25
Q

Economics in tectonic areas (Iceland)

A

Geothermal Energy

Tourism

Agriculture

Industry

GeographyIGCSE (2 decks)

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