TECTONICS Flashcards
Names and names kasi i hate names
Who proposed Continental Drift Hypothesis, and what year
Alfred Wegener, 1915
- a German meteorologist and
geophysicist, who wrote the book The Origin of Continents and Oceans.
a distinguished 19th-century
geologist, pieced together
evidence for a giant landmass
consisting of the continents
of South America, Africa,
India, and Australia.
Eduard Suess (1831 - 1914)
What book did Eduard Suess publish in 1885 that proposed Gondwanaland
The Face of the Earth
He explained the
formation of mountain ranges as a
result of the lateral movement of
continents
Frank Taylor in 1910
- He also envisioned the
present-day continents as parts of
larger polar continents that
eventually broke apart and
migrated toward the equator after
Earth’s rotation
Who suggested Mid-Atlantic Ridge mark the site along which an ancient continent broke apart to form Atlantic Ocean.
Frank Taylor
Evidence 1 of Continental Drift and its argument
The Continental Jigsaw
Puzzle; shorelines
are continually modified
by wave erosion and
depositional processes.
Evidence 2 of Continental Drift and its argument
Fossils Match Across The
Seas; animals can travel across oceans through rafting and land bridge (isthmian links)
constructed a map that
pieced together the edges of the
continental shelves of South America
and Africa at a depth of about 900
meters
Sir Edward Bullard
Evidence 3 of Continental Drift
Rock types and Geologic
Features such as Mountain Belts, Wegener found evidence of 2.2-billion-year-old
igneous rocks in Brazil that closely resembled
similarly aged rocks in Africa
Evidence 4 of Continental Drift
Ancient Climates. Wegener laerned that flora grew only in subpolar climate
Debated that tidal forces of the magnitude
needed to displace the continents would bring
Earth’s rotation to a halt in a matter of a few
years.
Harold Jeffreys
Ship that made the first
comprehensive study of the
global ocean ever attempted.
HMS Challenger
His
time as a Navy officer was an opportunity to
use sonar. He published ‘The History of Ocean
Basins’ in 1962, in which he outlined a
theory that could explain how the continents
could actually drift. This theory later became
known as ‘Sea Floor Spreading’.
Harry Hess.
Hess envisaged that oceans grew from their centres, with
molten material (basalt) oozing up from the Earth’s mantle
along the mid ocean ridges. This created new seafloor which
then spread away from the ridge in both directions.
7 Major Tectonic Plates
- North American
- South American
- Pacific
- African
- Eurasian
- Australian-Indian
- Antarctic
7 Minor Tectonic Plates
- Caribbean
- Nazca
- Philippine
- Arabian
- Cocos
- Scotia
- Juan de Fuca
Structures in Divergent Plate
Boundaries
- Oceanic ridges- elevated areas of the seafloor
that are characterized by high heat flow and volcanism. They are 2 to 3 kilometers higher
than the adjacent ocean. - Rift Valleys- a deep down faulted structure
along the axis of SOME ridge segment. - Continental Rifts- elongated depression in the
Continental crust which is a product of the
continuous pulling of tectonic forces.
*continental rifts become oceanic rifts in its late stage
example of oceanic-continental convergence
andes mountains
Example of Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence
Volcanic island arcs, Indonesa, Japan, Philippines
Example of Continental-Continental Convergence
Himalayas
orogeny
folds
Example of transform
san andreas fault
Enumerate: 3 evidences of plate tectonics
Evidence 1 : Ocean Drilling
Evidence 2 : Hotspots and Mantle
Plumes (msy trail na naiwan hhhshga0)
Evidence 3: Paleomagnetism
- One of the most
common is the
iron-rich mineral
magnetite, which
is abundant in lava
flows of basaltic
composition.
Initially sceptical of the theory
of Plate Tectonics, but eventually became
one of its most famous supporters,
proposing two important ideas. duda yarn
John Tuzo-Wilson
- nung 1963 ging-popose niya na na nakapatong lang yung plates sa hotspot tas pag naggalaw yung plates matigok na volcanism niya tas magkakaroon ng island chains.
sino na nmn tong dalwa na to
Their work looked at the
patterns of magnetic stripes on
the ocean floor
FREDERICK VINE AND DRUMMOND
MATTHEWS
When material from the mantle rises up through mid ocean ridges
and cools, it preserves a record of the polarity of the Earth’s
magnetic field.This is because magnetite in the basalts is strongly
magnetic, and aligns with the field when it cools.
Paleomagnetism
oh oky nagaalign yung magnets sa basalt sa magnetic field tas poide madetermine yung polarity nung time na yun.
