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Geography - Tectonics > Tectonics > Flashcards

Tectonics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hazard?

A

A potential threat to human life and property

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2
Q

2 types of natural hazard

A

Hydro-meteorological - climatic processes
Geophysical - Land processes

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3
Q

Where do geophysical hazards occur?

A

Near plate boundaries

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4
Q

What are intra-plate earthquakes?

A

Earthquakes that occur near the middle of the plates usually by pre-existing weaknesses

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5
Q

What is a hotspot?

A

Where volcanoes are commonly found e.g. the ring of fire

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6
Q

What are the 4 sections of the earth?

A

Inner core - over 5150km below the crust
Outer core - depth of 2890km - 5150km
Mantle (asthenosphere) -700km to 2890km
Crust (lithosphere) - 7 to 70km thick

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of plate boundaries?

A

Constructive
Conservative
Destructive

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8
Q

How does a destructive plate boundary work?

A

Denser/heavier plate subducts with magma forcing it’s way through the ocean trench to form volcanoes

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9
Q

How does a constructive plate boundary work?

A

2 of the same plates are forced into each other and with neither being heavier they are both forced upwards causing magma to rise up

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10
Q

What are the 2 different types of crust and their characteristics?

A

Oceanic - Low density, thin, newly created
Continental - High density, mainly granite, thick and old

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11
Q

What is mantle convection?

A

When radioactive elements in the core of the Earth decay which produce a lot of thermal energy. This causes the lower mantle to heat up and rise, as the magma cools down and becomes more dense and begins to sink back to the core - creating convection currents.

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12
Q

What is slab pull?

A

Old oceanic crust will submerge into the mantle. This pulling action drags the rest of the plate with it

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13
Q

Where is the focus and epicentre from an earthquake?

A

Focus - the point underground where the earthquake originates from
Epicentre - area above the ground that is directly above the focus

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14
Q

What are the 4 types of Seismic waves?

A

Primary
Secondary
Love
Rayleigh

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15
Q

What are some secondary hazards of earthquakes?

A

Soil Liquefication
Landslides
Tsunamis

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16
Q

What is soil liquefication?

A

Water moisture within the soil separates from the soil particles and rises to the surface - causing the soil the behave like a liquid

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17
Q

What is a tsunami?

A

When an oceanic crust is jolted during an earthquake, all of the water above is displaced, normally upwards - gravity pulls the water back down - this energy is transferred into the water like a wave - as the water gets closer to the sea level, friction increases causing the wave to rise

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18
Q

What are 4 primary hazards of a volcano?

A

Lava flows
Pyroclastic flows
Tephra and ash flows
Volcanic gases

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19
Q

What is pyroclastic flows?

A

A mixture of hot dense rock, lava, ash and gases which move very quickly along earth surfaces

20
Q

What are 3 secondary hazards of a volcano?

A

Lahars
Jokulhlaup
Acid rain

21
Q

What is a lahar?

A

A combination of rock, mud and water which travels very quickly down the sides of volcanoes

22
Q

What is a Jokulhlaup?

A

When snow and ice melts after an eruption causing sudden floods

23
Q

What is a disaster?

A

A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or society involving human, material, economic and environmental losses

24
Q

What is the equation for risk?

A

Risk = Hazard x Vulnerability / Capacity to cope

25
Q

When will a disaster occur?

A

When a vulnerable population is exposed to a hazard

26
Q

What does the Degg’s model show?

A

The presentation of the concept of a disaster. If the population is not vulnerable, the hazard will not have a significant effect - not disastrous

27
Q

What does the Park Model show?

A

A graphical representation of human responses to hazards. The model shows the steps carried out in recovery after a hazard giving a rough indication of time frame

28
Q

What does the steepness and depth of the curve show on the Park Model?

A

Steepness - how quickly an area deteriorates and recovers
Depth - Scale of the disaster

29
Q

What does the pressure and release model show? (PAR Model)

A

Used to analyse factors which cause a population to be vulnerable to a hazard
It shows the progression of vulnerability is 3 sections - root causes, dynamic pressures, unsafe conditions with the hazard on the other side

30
Q

What are the different types of vulnerability?

A

Economic
Physical
Social
Knowledge
Environmental

31
Q

What is a tectonic hazard profile?

A

A hazard profile compare physical characteristics which all hazards share

32
Q

What are the characteristics of a hazard profile?

A

Frequency
Magnitude
Duration
Speed of onset
Fatalities
Economic Loss
Spatial Predictability

33
Q

Evaluations of the effectiveness of models:

A

Hazard models are useful, but the unpredictability of hazards makes the models less effective at accurately representing human responses to hazards

34
Q

What are 4 ways to measure tectonic events?

A

Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)
The Modified Mercalli scale
Moment Magnitude Scale
Richter Scale

35
Q

What is the Richter Scale?

A

Measure the amplitude of the waves produced during an earthquake

36
Q

What are the 4 ways in which to manage response and risk management to volcanic hazards?

A

Prevention
Preparedness
Mitigation
Adaptation

37
Q

What is the hazard management cycle?

A

It outline the stages of responding to events, showing how the same stages take place after every hazard

38
Q

What are the 4 stages of the hazard management cycle?

A

Preparedness
Response
Recovery
Mitigation

39
Q

3 different approaches to managing a tectonic hazard and reducing their impact

A

Modify the event
Modify the vulnerability
Modify the loss

40
Q

Examples of modifying the event

A

Land use zoning
Resistant buildings
Tsunami defences
Lava diversion

41
Q

Examples of modifying the vulnerability

A

Community preparedness and education
Hi-tech scientific monitoring

42
Q

Examples of modifying the loss

A

Short term aid
Long term aid
Insurance

43
Q

What might governments of poorer countries not prioritise?

A

Investing money in hazard mitigation making their populations vulnerable to hazards - could lead to a positive feedback mechanism

44
Q

Factors that contribute to a populations vulnerability?

A

Unstable political governance
Population density
Level of urbanisation
Geography isolation

45
Q

Characteristics of a tectonic mega-disaster?

A

Affects large spatial areas or large population
Low probability (rare)
May require international support and aid due to impacts

Geography - Tectonics (2 decks)

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