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A level Geography > Tectonics > Flashcards

Tectonics Flashcards

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1
Q

symmetrical magnetic anomalies

A

the change in size of the earths magnetic field outside of the expectation

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2
Q

Magnitude

A

The size of something

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3
Q

Moment magnitude scale

A

The most accurate earthquake magnitude scale measures the total energy released by an earthquake

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4
Q

Destructive plate boundary

A

(Convergent boundary) where 2 plates with different density meet the oceanic plate subducts beneath the continental plate

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5
Q

Subduction

A

The denser plate sinking beneath the other

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6
Q

Intra-plate

A

Within the plate away from plate boundary

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7
Q

Hot spot

A

A stationary plume of magma beneath the crust where volcanoes can form from

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8
Q

Mantle plume

A

Hotter areas of the mantle that move upwards underneath the crust and push it up

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9
Q

Convection

A

Heat rising and falling in the mantle

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10
Q

Earthquake(seismic) waves

A

Shockwaves created by release of tension at a focal point

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11
Q

Slab pull

A

When the descending part of the ocean plate pulls the rest of the plate with it

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12
Q

Constructive plate boundary

A

Tectonic plates moving away from each other and magma rising up and cooling to create new rock (divergent)

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13
Q

Collision plate boundary

A

Where two plates move towards each other causing a very slow collision causing folding and faulting of crustal rocks

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14
Q

Transform plate boundary

A

Where two plates meet at a major fault in earths crust usually with movement in contrasting directions creating friction (conservative)

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15
Q

Benioff zone

A

The area where friction is created between colliding tectonic plates, resulting in intermediate and deep earthquakes

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16
Q

Sea floor spreading

A

Large slabs of earths lithosphere pull apart from each other (they split)

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17
Q

Frictional drag

A

Force on an object such as air as it moves across the earths surface

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18
Q

Focus

A

Place inside earths crust where the earthquake originates

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19
Q

Epicentre

A

Point on earths surface directly above the focus

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20
Q

Paleognetism

A

When magma solidifies the iron aligns with earths magnetic field recording the direction.
When studied it was found the rocks had recorded magnetic fields in opposite directions

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21
Q

Tsunami

A

A sequence of huge waves caused by a large displacement of water

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22
Q

Landslides

A

Mass movement of rock down a steep slope

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23
Q

Liquefaction

A

Groundwater and loose soil and sediment shaken so ground loses cohesion and acts like fluid

24
Q

Mercalli intensity scale

A

Earthquake intensity scale based on 12 levels of damage to areas

25
Q

Water column displacement

A

The movement of a large volume of water above the point the seabed was moved up or down

26
Q

Intensity

A

The effect of an earthquake on earths surface

27
Q

Run-up

A

Height of tsunami above sea level at the farthest point it reaches on the shore

28
Q

Pyroclastic flows

A

Hot mix of rock fragments gas and ash that travel rapidly away from a volcanic vent

29
Q

Lahars

A

Hot or cold mix of water and rock fragments that flow quickly down the slopes of a volcano

30
Q

Jokulhaups

A

Glacial outburst floods from underneath an ice cap or glacier

31
Q

Disaster

A

The effect of a hazard on society usually used when significant property damage loss of life or injuries

32
Q

Natural hazards

A

Extreme natural events

33
Q

Mega-disaster

A

High magnitude high impact infrequent disaster that affects several countries directly or indirectly

34
Q

Socio economic impacts

A

The effects on people and businesses and employment of an event or process

35
Q

Spatial predictability

A

The area a hazard event may occur with some certainty

36
Q

Pressure and release model

A

Model of cause and effect summarising the pressures caused by natural hazards and how they could be reduced

37
Q

hazard

A

something that has a negative impact on people in any way

38
Q

speed of onset

A

how fast a natural hazard may occur

39
Q

vulnerability

A

the weaknesses of people in a situation where they are exposed to risk

40
Q

community adaptation

A

a community working together to change their way of life so that hazard events have less impact

41
Q

preparedness

A

research based actions taken as precautionary measures for potential disaster

42
Q

governance

A

how a place is managed by different levels of government

43
Q

hazard profiles

A

analysis of different types of hazard based on range of criteria

44
Q

multiple hazard zones

A

place that has several natural hazards

45
Q

focal depth

A

depth to which an earthquake starts

46
Q

disaster trends

A

what has been happening to the number of severe tectonic hazards over time

47
Q

slow onset

A

hazard event that come on slowly with lots of indication

48
Q

rapid onset

A

hazard event that comes on quickly with little warning

49
Q

hydro-meteorological

A

hazards associated with flowing water or the weather

50
Q

response curve

A

a graph showing the time taken to recover from a hazard

51
Q

land use zoning

A

regulations to stop activities in an area prone to hazards that poses a risk

52
Q

hazard resistant design

A

buildings made to withstand hazard events

53
Q

modify the event

A

alter the hazard itself to reduce or change its impacts e.g changing where the lava flows to

54
Q

modify vulnerability and resistance

A

making people less vulnerable - will help scale of disaster

55
Q

modify loss

A

reduce impact of losses e.g insuring property

56
Q

hazard management cycle

A
57
Q
A

A level Geography (3 decks)

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