Tectonics

Question 1

symmetrical magnetic anomalies

Answer 1

the change in size of the earths magnetic field outside of the expectation

Question 2

Magnitude

Answer 2

The size of something

Question 3

Moment magnitude scale

Answer 3

The most accurate earthquake magnitude scale measures the total energy released by an earthquake

Question 4

Destructive plate boundary

Answer 4

(Convergent boundary) where 2 plates with different density meet the oceanic plate subducts beneath the continental plate

Question 5

Subduction

Answer 5

The denser plate sinking beneath the other

Question 6

Intra-plate

Answer 6

Within the plate away from plate boundary

Question 7

Hot spot

Answer 7

A stationary plume of magma beneath the crust where volcanoes can form from

Question 8

Mantle plume

Answer 8

Hotter areas of the mantle that move upwards underneath the crust and push it up

Question 9

Convection

Answer 9

Heat rising and falling in the mantle

Question 10

Earthquake(seismic) waves

Answer 10

Shockwaves created by release of tension at a focal point

Question 11

Slab pull

Answer 11

When the descending part of the ocean plate pulls the rest of the plate with it

Question 12

Constructive plate boundary

Answer 12

Tectonic plates moving away from each other and magma rising up and cooling to create new rock (divergent)

Question 13

Collision plate boundary

Answer 13

Where two plates move towards each other causing a very slow collision causing folding and faulting of crustal rocks

Question 14

Transform plate boundary

Answer 14

Where two plates meet at a major fault in earths crust usually with movement in contrasting directions creating friction (conservative)

Question 15

Benioff zone

Answer 15

The area where friction is created between colliding tectonic plates, resulting in intermediate and deep earthquakes

Question 16

Sea floor spreading

Answer 16

Large slabs of earths lithosphere pull apart from each other (they split)

Question 17

Frictional drag

Answer 17

Force on an object such as air as it moves across the earths surface

Question 18

Focus

Answer 18

Place inside earths crust where the earthquake originates

Question 19

Epicentre

Answer 19

Point on earths surface directly above the focus

Question 20

Paleognetism

Answer 20

When magma solidifies the iron aligns with earths magnetic field recording the direction.
When studied it was found the rocks had recorded magnetic fields in opposite directions

Question 21

Tsunami

Answer 21

A sequence of huge waves caused by a large displacement of water

Question 22

Landslides

Answer 22

Mass movement of rock down a steep slope

Question 23

Liquefaction

Answer 23

Groundwater and loose soil and sediment shaken so ground loses cohesion and acts like fluid

Question 24

Mercalli intensity scale

Answer 24

Earthquake intensity scale based on 12 levels of damage to areas

Question 25

Water column displacement

Answer 25

The movement of a large volume of water above the point the seabed was moved up or down

Question 26

Intensity

Answer 26

The effect of an earthquake on earths surface

Question 27

Run-up

Answer 27

Height of tsunami above sea level at the farthest point it reaches on the shore

Question 28

Pyroclastic flows

Answer 28

Hot mix of rock fragments gas and ash that travel rapidly away from a volcanic vent

Question 29

Lahars

Answer 29

Hot or cold mix of water and rock fragments that flow quickly down the slopes of a volcano

Question 30

Jokulhaups

Answer 30

Glacial outburst floods from underneath an ice cap or glacier

Question 31

Disaster

Answer 31

The effect of a hazard on society usually used when significant property damage loss of life or injuries

Question 32

Natural hazards

Answer 32

Extreme natural events

Question 33

Mega-disaster

Answer 33

High magnitude high impact infrequent disaster that affects several countries directly or indirectly

Question 34

Socio economic impacts

Answer 34

The effects on people and businesses and employment of an event or process

Question 35

Spatial predictability

Answer 35

The area a hazard event may occur with some certainty

Question 36

Pressure and release model

Answer 36

Model of cause and effect summarising the pressures caused by natural hazards and how they could be reduced

Question 37

hazard

Answer 37

something that has a negative impact on people in any way

Question 38

speed of onset

Answer 38

how fast a natural hazard may occur

Question 39

vulnerability

Answer 39

the weaknesses of people in a situation where they are exposed to risk

Question 40

community adaptation

Answer 40

a community working together to change their way of life so that hazard events have less impact

Question 41

preparedness

Answer 41

research based actions taken as precautionary measures for potential disaster

Question 42

governance

Answer 42

how a place is managed by different levels of government

Question 43

hazard profiles

Answer 43

analysis of different types of hazard based on range of criteria

Question 44

multiple hazard zones

Answer 44

place that has several natural hazards

Question 45

focal depth

Answer 45

depth to which an earthquake starts

Question 46

disaster trends

Answer 46

what has been happening to the number of severe tectonic hazards over time

Question 47

slow onset

Answer 47

hazard event that come on slowly with lots of indication

Question 48

rapid onset

Answer 48

hazard event that comes on quickly with little warning

Question 49

hydro-meteorological

Answer 49

hazards associated with flowing water or the weather

Question 50

response curve

Answer 50

a graph showing the time taken to recover from a hazard

Question 51

land use zoning

Answer 51

regulations to stop activities in an area prone to hazards that poses a risk

Question 52

hazard resistant design

Answer 52

buildings made to withstand hazard events

Question 53

modify the event

Answer 53

alter the hazard itself to reduce or change its impacts e.g changing where the lava flows to

Question 54

modify vulnerability and resistance

Answer 54

making people less vulnerable - will help scale of disaster

Question 55

modify loss

Answer 55

reduce impact of losses e.g insuring property

Question 56

hazard management cycle