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Paper 1 Physical Exam > Tectonics > Flashcards

Tectonics Flashcards

1
Q

Name all types of Plate Boundaries?

A

-Convergent (2) - Oceanic on continental and continental x 2
-Divergent
-Conservative

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2
Q

Explain the Convergent (Oceanic & Continental boundary)

A

Creates Volcanoes
Oceanic crust subducts due to being DENSER - which causes SLAB PULL (denser plates sinking into mantle and sub-duction zone). The OCEANIC crust is forced underneath the CONTINENTAL crust leading it to be melted by the mantle - this then rises upwards through cracks in the crust - Volcanoes - PSD - Japan/Pacific(RING OF FIRE)

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3
Q

Explain the CONVERGENT plate boundary - Continental on Continental

A

Creates Mountain Ranges
2 continental plates collide, they form mountain ranges. Although one DOES subduct beneath the other slightly - it is BUOYANT and does not EASILY SUBDUCT like the oceanic crust meaning it bends, buckles and breaks forming mountains.
Very few earthquakes AND NO volcanoes because it is very thick with no obvious cracks for the mantle to take advantage of

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4
Q

Explain the Divergent Plate Boundary (Constructive)

A

Convection currents force the two plates away. If two oceanic plate the ocean floor spreads leaving a MID OCEAN RIDGE (PSD -Mid Atlantic Ridge) AND if it is two continental it leaves a RIFT (PSD- Rift Valley, Africa) Magma rises through this gap and erupts as a volcano. When the lava cools it forms new land

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5
Q

Explain the Conservative Plate Boundary? PSD?

A

Plates move alongside each other OR in the same direction at DIFFERENT SPEEDS. Elastic Potential Energy builds up. When the strength of the movement is stronger than the friction holding the forces together. The energy is called Seismic Waves PSD - San Andreas Fault, California

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6
Q

What is the ‘Hypocentre’ of an earthuake and what is the ‘Epicentre’

A

Hypocentre - Where the earthqauek starts BELOW GROUND
Epicentre - Where the Earthquake starts ABOVE THE GROUND

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7
Q

What is ‘Slab Pull’

A

The Pulling force exerted by cold dense oceanic plate plunging into the mantle due to its own weight.

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8
Q

What is Paleomagnetism?
Different types of it?

A

Study of earths magnetic field which is preserved in rocks.
Normal and Reversed

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9
Q

What is the Benioff Zone?

A

The area where friction is created between colliding tectonic plates, resulting in shallow,intermediate and deep earthquakes

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10
Q

Describe the Process of ‘Locked Faults’

A

2 pltes collide and LOCK together - over time frictional stress and elastic potential energy builds - Causes pull down near to the two plates and a rise of the plate further up. Locked for hundreds of years when it finally snaps - huge amount of energy released. Rebounds and falls.

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11
Q

What is a hotspot volcano and how does it form?

A

Area of mantle where heat rises in a hot thermal plume. Melts through the base of oceanic lithosphere creating a hole in which magma can rise through creating a volcano

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12
Q

Name the different types of Waves and which one is the most damaging and why?

A

P-Waves - Fastest
S-Waves -2nd fastest - no liquid, vibrate at right angles like the sea
L-Waves - Slowest. Highest amplitude - moves back and forth moving the ground

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13
Q

Secondary Impacts of Earthquakes?

A

Liquefaction
Landslides
Tsunamis

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14
Q

What are the two differen types of Lava?

A

Andesitic and Basaltic

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15
Q

Explain Basaltic Lava and its characteristics? What type of Volcanoe does it create?

A

Thin and runny, , Low viscosity, hotter, lower silica content, produces slopes volcanoes, constructive margins. Creates shield volcano - frequent but gentle eruptions.

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16
Q

Explain Andesitic Lava and its characteristics? What type of volcano does it create?

A

Thick and sticky, High viscosity, less hot, higher silica content, produces steep sided coned volcano’s with ash, rock and pyroclastic flow likely, destructive margins to produce subduction zones and infrequent but violent eruptions.

17
Q

What type of Volcano do destructive Margins create

A

Composite cone also known as Stratovolcano’s such as Mount Fuji

18
Q

What type of lava and volcanoes do constructive plate boundaries have?

A

Fissure created and shield volcano’s - typically Basaltic Lava - low viscosity.

19
Q

How are Tsunamis created?

A

Locked faults but under the sea. The movement of the overriding plate displaces water of the ocean. Energy transferred into the wave means it rises. Gravity pulls it down and energy continues as ripples - then travels

20
Q

What can effect the impact of a Tsunami?

A

Duration of event
wave amplitude, water colum displacement and length travelled
physical geography of coast
degree of coastal development (Sea walls

21
Q

Tsunami case study and death figures? Richter Scale

A

Boxing Day Tsunami -caused by 8.9 magnitude earthquake near Indonesia 230K dead

22
Q

Primary Hazard of volcano’s?
PSD!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

A

Pyroclastic flow - Mount St Helens
Tephra - 1984, Papua New Guinea
Lava Flow - 1873 Iceland
Volcanic Gases - Lake Nyos, Cameroon 1986

23
Q

Seconary Hazards of Volcanoes?
PSD!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

A

Lahars - Volcanic Mudflows PSD - Mt Pinatubo
Jokulhaups - glacial Floods - 2010 E-15

24
Q

What does Degg’s Model Show?
What does he say about disasters?

A

shows the interaction between harzards, disaster and human vulnerability.
Disasters may only occur when a vulnerable population is exposed to a hazard.

25
Q

What is a Hazard?
What is a Disaster?

A

Hazard - A perceived natural physical/geographical event that has the potential to threaten both life and property
Disaster - the realisation of a hazard, when it becomes a ‘Significant impact on a population’

26
Q

Examples of what can make people vulnerable to a hazard?

A

Lack of resources for an early warning system
Unplanned Squatter settlements
Age - Older less able to run and less willing to move
Gender - W often at home in LIC’s

27
Q

What is ressiliance?

A

The ability of people and communities to bounce back from a disaster

28
Q

What model shows the interaction between processes that generate vulnerability on one side and Hazards on the Other?

A

Pressure and Release Model

29
Q

Equation for a disaster?

A

Risk = Hazard + Vulnerability

30
Q

Factors reducing resilliance?

A

Lack of clean water / Hygiene
Lack of Money and Technology 4 reconstruction
Limited Resources - deal with PTSD/Health effects
Lack of Safety nets - such as insurance/food if crops fail

31
Q

Facts about the New Zealand Earthquake?

A

7.1 Magnitude
9km deep
1500 business destroyed
780 homes rendered unhinhabitable
NO DEATHS

32
Q

Facts about Haiti Earthquake?

A

7.1 Magnitude
13km
250000 House collapse
30000 commercial buildig collapse

33
Q

What is NZ HDI compared to Haiti?

A

NZ- 14th
Haiti- 170th

34
Q

Give reasons why Haiti Earthquake was much more deadly than New Zealand?

A

Poverty
Low level of education
Low scoring on HDI
Poor Building quality
A low GDP

35
Q

Short Term Responses in Haiti?

A

Response was slow at first due to damage to air, land and sea transport infrastructure , electronic infrastructure and hospitals
Morgues overwhelmed - temp mass gaves
Looting due to concern over lack of supplies from aid

36
Q

Long term response in Haiti?

A

EU gave $330 million
World Bank waived any debts for 5 years
After 6 months 98% of rubble remained cutting of vital roads still
After 1 year 1 million people were still displaced
over $1.1 bn collected by charities only 2% released

37
Q

Responses in New Zealand?

A

90% of costs covered by Government
16 st john ambulances operational within 30 mins
The Earthquake Prove Cantebury Art Gallery was used as a Emergency Response Centre

38
Q

What is the Haiti Earthquake described as?

A

A disaster of Engineering

Paper 1 Physical Exam (2 decks)

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