Tectonics Flashcards
Is the internal structure of the earth crust, lithosphere, asthenosphere, mantle, core?
Did the movement of the tectonic plates on the lithosphere via convection currents cause Africa and America to separate overtime?
What plate boundary is the Mid Atlantic ridge found on?
Is sea floor spreading when divergent movement of the plates occur and magma rises and solidifies forming the Mid Atlantic ridge?
Name 2 examples of hotspots? Where are each of these located?
Are some volcanoes located at hotspots now extinct? Are newer or older islands located closer to the tectonic plates?
At hotspots is the crust thinner and weaker than usual enabling the magma to rise through the crust even if islands are not at a plate boundary?
Is continental drift the separation of Pangea (now North America, however once neighboured Africa, South America, and Europe)?
Was Pangea the super continent which existed prior to the process of plate tectonics?
What were the names of the northern and southern continents that existed when Pangea had been broken up?
Is sea floor spreading when new oceanic lithosphere created at oceanic ridges spreads away and returns to the Earth’s interior?
Is radioactive decay the break down of a nucleus spontaneously or given an electron capture?
State what measures the amount of water in oceans? Is the Mid Atlantic ridge where two tectonic plates meet under the ocean?
Is paleomagnetism the study of rocks and sediment to record history of the magnetic field?
Are some rocks in South America and Africa the same age and made up of the same composition?
As well as matching up rocks, is it also possible to spot relationships between mountain ranges? Do some mountains in Norway have similar rock sequences to those in Canada?
For these mountains to have the same features would they have had to be formed under the same conditions, therefore being once connected?
Does the identification of land mass allow you to match up the distribution of fossils? Is one example of this that the fossil brachiopods found in Indian limestone is comparable to similar fossils found in Australia?
Does the existence of Megascoleciade earthworms in New Zealand, Asia, and North America suggest that these worms would have once been able to move between the continents?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Divergent (constructive) boundary
Yes
Azores- located east of the mid Atlantic ridge and is a region in Portugal, and Canary Islands- located off the coast of North West Africa
Yes. Newer.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Northern- Laurasia, southern- Gondwanaland
Yes
Yes
Bathymetric map. Yes.
Yes
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Yes
During the late-carboniferous period were Antartica, South America, India, and Africa thought to be together?
Is this because similar glacial deposits can be found in each location?
Have large coal deposits once created in tropical rainforests been found in North America and Europe, suggesting they were previously located closer to the equator?
Is paleomagnetism the study of history of the Earth’s magnetic field?
How often do the North and South poles switch? Has this alternating allowed paleomagnetism to provide evidence for sea floor spreading?
How does rock align itself so that it is fixed in the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field?
Are magnetic materials in the crust created during periods of normal polarity aligned in the opposite direction to those created during reverse polarity? Does magnetic materials being aligned in opposite directions mean there are alternating magnetic stripes along the sea floor?
By following the stripes can you identify that the older crust is located further away from the mid-ocean ridge?
In 1946 did Harry Hess discover that flat top mountains shape the Pacific floor? In 1963 did John Tuzo Wilson believe volcanic island chains formed as plates moved over fixed hotspots in the mantle?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
200,000 to 400,000 years. Yes.
The magnetic minerals in the molten rock aligns with the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field, then as the new crust solidifies the rock alignment is fixed.
Yes. Yes.
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Do tsunami waves gradually rise due to the friction being created against the sea floor?
Is water column displacement when a liquid does not occupy the same volume of space?
Is wave length how long the wave is, whilst the amplitude is the height of the wave from the centre line to the crust?
Does inundated mean to be quickly filled up?
Is wave shoaling the increase in amplitude of the wave as it closes in on the coast? Is the water column the body of water above the earthquake?
Does an undersea volcano cause an uplift of a fault block? Does the fault block displace large amount of water from the sea floor, radiating the wave outwards from the source?
Does the wave collapse when it can no longer support the height and will the depth of destruction depend on factors such as land use?
When the fault block first displaces the water on the sea floor is the wave height between 0.5m and 5m, and wave length up to 250m? State one factor that can affect the height and speed of the waves?
Do tsunamis travel faster through deep waters? As the wave approaches land does the front of the wave have contact with the seabed causing friction and for it to slow? Does the force pushing the back of the wave remain, shortening the wave length and increasing the height of up to 30m?
How long do tsunami waves last for? Which one is often the largest?
Due to wave energy being less free the closer to the coast, do waves gradually become larger as they approach the shore?
Do all areas of the world have the same wave height? Is a tsunami a series of waves in a water body caused by a large displacement of water?
Were residents expecting the Indian Ocean tsunami immediately after Christmas? How much of the island got covered by water?
How many people did the Indian Ocean tsunami kill? State 2 countries that suffered the most damage? Was Indonesia’s death toll 200,000 people alone?
State 2 social affects the Indian Ocean tsunami caused?
What was the total economic damage of the tsunami and would local businesses now struggle as most of their premises were destroyed?
Which country had the second highest death toll due to the tsunami? How many people in this country died?
How many litres of oil escaped from Indonesian oil plants? Were many landforms damaged?
Why were the worst effects felt by countries further away from the epicentre?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes.
Yes
Yes. Topography affects the height and speed of the wave.
Yes. Yes. Yes.
Several hours. 4th or 5th.
Yes
No. Yes.
No. Half of the island.
Exceeded more than 200,000. Indonesia and Sri Lanka. Yes.
1.7 million people were made homeless and 5-6 million needed emergency aid.
$9.4bn. Yes.
Sri Lanka. 30,000 deaths.
8m litres.
Because waves were able to gain more energy.
Was vulnerability high following the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami because many surrounding countries were low incomes, so therefore could not provide the necessary protection to its country?
As a result of there being a lack of early warning systems in place were citizens unable to have enough time to react?
Was the tsunami able to travel far inland because of the low lying coastlines of most Pacific Ocean islands?
Can tsunamis be predicted using seismometers? Can these machines detect underwater seismic waves, which subsequently lead to tsunamis?
Are experts able to know where tsunamis are going to happen, however are unable to say when they are going to happen?
Does looking at timescales between previous tsunamis seem to give an idea of when they are going to occur?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Yes
No
Is pyroclastic flow the run of lava due to gravity, and lahars the hot and cold mixture of rock fragments that run down the slope of a volcano?
Is Jokulhlaups a glacier on top a volcano which melts and creates a flood? Is lava flow the running of lava after a volcanic eruption?
Is a hot spot plume a upwards flow of fluid in a hotspot? State 2 characteristics of basaltic lava?
Is andesitic lava low in temperature compared to other lavas and more likely to explode when reaching the surface?
Is rhyolitic lava viscous and does it form thick, blocky lava flows? Is tephra general material that comes from a volcanic eruption?
State one volcanic gas that comes out of lava whilst it is flowing? Are ash falls airborne ash which results from volcanic eruptions?
Does the volcanic eplosivity index measure the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions?
Are side vents openings in the side of a volcano where materials erupt? Is the magma chamber underground?
Do secondary cones build up around secondary vents of a volcano?
Do most major eruptions normally have more than one hazard, especially if it occurs at a destructive plate boundary?
Does lava flow extend several metres from the volcano? If the lava is basaltic has the eruption occurred at either a subduction zone or a hot spot?
How hot can the gas contained in the ash cloud get up to? Do ash clouds contain ash and tephra which smother large areas killing veg and causing buildings to collapse? At what plate boundaries does ash fall occur?
State 2 primary hazards from a volcanic eruption?
Do lahars occur when rainfall mobilises volcanic ash? Are lahars volcanic mudflows? When a volcanic eruption happens below a glaciers does this cause large volumes of meltwater?
Do Jokulhlaups occur at constructive plate margins?
State 2 secondary hazards of volcanic eruptions?
Which lava type has the highest silica and gas content? Does rhyolitic lava contain the least iron? Is basaltic lava formed by the melting of mantle minerals?
Does andesitic lava form when the subjected oceanic plate melts and mixes with seawater, lithosphere, and continental rocks?
Is rhyolitic lava formed by the melting of lithospheric mantle and slabs of previously subjected plates?
Which lava is released during the most violent eruption?
Is basaltic lava found at ocean hot spots, andesitic lava found at subduction zones, and rhyolitic lava found at composite cone volcanoes?
What does it mean if the volcanic explosively index is logarithmic?
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Produces little explosive activity and low in gas content.
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Carbon dioxide. Yes.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Up to 600 degrees Celsius. Yes. Constructive plate margins.
Lava flow and pyroclastic flow.
Yes. Yes. Yes.
Yes
Lahars and Jokulhlaups
Rhyolitic lava. Yes. Yes.
Yes.
Yes.
Rhyolitic lava
Yes
The number becomes 10x more extreme each time.
Is the nature of the event a naturally occurring physical occurrence?
Are primary effects immediately after the hazard, whereas secondary effects as a result of the primary effects?
Is response how someone responds to what has just happened? Is the development the process of making something more advanced?
What other country does Haiti share its island with? Is it one of many islands surrounding the Caribbean Sea?
Does the chain of islands around the Caribbean Sea suggest an island arc?
Do all the fault lines surrounding Haiti mean it is on a transform movement (two plates slide past each other causing earthquakes but no volcanoes)?
Where about in Haiti did the earthquake happen? Was Haiti 7.0 on the magnitude scale (each number is 10x the one before)?
Did 1 in 16,588 people in Haiti get rescued? How many people ended up being rescued? What proportion of people died in Haiti?
How many million dollars worth of food aid did Haiti require?
How many different aid requirements did Haiti need?
What was the death toll of the 2010 Haiti earthquake? How many people were made homeless? How many buildings got damaged or destroyed? Did this include the president’s palace?
What percentage of governmental buildings got destroyed?
How many schools and hospitals were badly damaged? Was control tower badly damaged affecting the accessibility for aid?
How many inmates escaped as the main prison got destroyed?
What date and time did the earthquake hit Haiti? How deep was the focus below the epicentre?
What plate boundary was the earthquake on?
What plate boundary did the earthquake lie exactly on? What proportion of people lost their jobs?
Was one of Haitis largest industries badly destroyed?
Due to the large number of deaths did hospitals become full, meaning bodies had to lay on the streets? Did diseases become a problem in the area? Did people squash into shanties, leading to a poor sanitation? Did looting (stealing) become a problem?
Yes
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Dominican Republic. Yes.
Yes
Yes
Near the capital of Port au Prince. Yes.
Yes. 211 people. 1 in 15 people died.
$246.0m
13
316,000 people were killed. 1 million. 280,000. Yes.
60%
50+ hospitals and 1,300+ schools. Yes.
4,000
12th January 2010 at 16:53 local time. 13km.
Conservative plate boundary
Lies on the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates
Yes
Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes.
Where is the E15 volcano located in Iceland?
Does the word pinatubo mean to have made grow?
How many people did the Soufriere Hills, Montserrat eruption kill in 1902?
Which volcano is the most active and largest in volume within New Zealand?
Is La Palma one of Spain’s Canary Islands located off northwestern Africa?
Due to heavier particles from the E15 eruption falling close to the volcano, were hundreds of people forced to evacuate? Were rescue aids forced to wear face masks to prevent them from inhaling ash?
Was the thick layer of ash covering crops one of the main primary effects of the volcanic eruption?
Were large amounts of meltwater produced due to the volcanic eruption occurring under a glacier? Did authorities use the main highway in Southern Iceland to pass this meltwater to the ocean?
In Mid-April 2010 did the ash cloud start to move towards the rest of Europe? Due to recognising the danger to jet engines was much of the European airspace told to come to a halt?
Did this cause airlines to miss out on lots of money and was this seen as an overreaction by many airlines who thought planes could fly safely through low concentrations of ash?
Were water supplies and agricultural production both affected by the ash cloud? Did the lack of imported raw materials lead to a decline in industrial production and did the decrease in tourist numbers lead to a drop in Iceland’s economy?
How many flights got cancelled in 8 days globally? How many Icelandic people got evacuated? State one sports event that was affected by the volcanic eruption?
Were farmers as far away as Kenya affected as they were unable to grow and send their crops to European supermarkets? Were business people and holidaymakers unable to travel in and out of Western Europe?
Were roads washed away by floods? At the time were roads difficult to reconstruct because of Iceland being in a recession?
South West coast of Iceland
Yes
2,000 people
White Island
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Yes.
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes.
Yes.
Yes. Yes.
100,000. 800. Boston Marathon.
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes.
Is a null hypothesis where there is no relationship? Is the spearman’s rank correlation coefficient r (correlation figure) = 1 - 6 x sum of squared differences / (the number of data sets)^3 - number of data sets?
Does a scatter graph use dots to represent values for 2 different numeric variables?
Does a dependent variable depend on the value of another variable? Is an independent variable a variable that does not depend on another variable?
Is a statistical significance deciding whether any differences observed between groups being studied are real or due to chance?
Does a higher magnitude earthquake normally cause more deaths? Due to most earthquakes happening along coasts between 2000 and 2011 would destructive plate boundaries have been the biggest hotspot for earthquakes?
Did the majority of earthquakes occur along the ring of fire? Would death rates be the dependent variable when finding the relationship between magnitude and fatalities? Does a line of best fit need to have a similar number of points above and below the line?
When drawing a graph representing the relationship between magnitude and fatalities is it difficult to draw a line of best fit? Does this suggest that there is little correlation between magnitude and number of deaths?
Have there been some anomaly results where earthquakes with a relatively low magnitude have caused many deaths? Name an example?
Whereas is the 2010 Maule, Chile earthquake an example of a high magnitude quake causing less damage? What was the magnitude and how many people died?
Does a scatter graph give you a visual relationship of the variables? Can the scales used skew the appearance of the graph quite considerably?
State a more reliable way to find the relationship magnitude has on death toll?
When completing spearman’s rank do you start by ranking the earthquakes magnitudes from highest to lowest, completing column 4? Do you then do the same for fatalities and complete column 6?
Do you then subtract the first rank from the second rank and fill in column 7? Then do you ignore any negative numbers and square each difference number, filling in column 8? Then do you add up column 8 to get a total sum of squared differences?
When you plug this into the spearman’s rank equation will you get a number between +1 and -1?
What does a score of +1 and -1 mean? If the test comes out as below zero is there a negative correlation? Does this mean the earthquakes with higher magnitude have less fatalities?
To rank the significance of your findings do you subtract one from the number of paired items being correlated? Is this your degrees of freedom which can be placed on the x axis?
Do you then put your rank correlation coefficient (what you found using the equation) on the y axis, ignoring the positive or negative sign? If it comes out as below the 5% line was the link not statistically significant? The further above the lines does the probability of the result happening by chance become less and less?
Due to having little evidence to prove a relationship, are we able to disprove our hypothesis of there being no correlation?
Will how long the shaking lasts for determine how hazardous the earthquake is? Will a high population likely mean the earthquake will be more hazardous?
State one reason why the relatively low magnitude earthquake of Haiti killed so many people? Was the effects of the Maule earthquake much less significant because the epicentre was in a much less populated region?
Yes. Yes.
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Haiti earthquake had a magnitude of 7 and killed 316,000 people.
Yes. Magnitude 8.8 with a death toll of 507.
Yes. Yes.
Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes. Yes.
Yes.
+1 is perfect positive correlation and -1 is. perfect negative correlation. Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes. Yes.
Yes.
Yes. Yes.
Because hospitals got damaged meaning people who were in need of help were unable to get it. Yes.
Is how vulnerable a area is evident before a tectonic hazard? Does how well a country can cope with a hazard become known after the disaster has happened?
Are players those who make things happen? Is a natural hazard a natured event that has the potential to threaten both life and the environment? Is a natural disaster an event created naturally by the environment?
Is a mega disaster larger than a normal hazard? What is one piece of evidence that a mega disaster is happening?
Can risk be calculated by hazard x vulnerability / capacity to cope? Is vulnerability the measure to which extent a region is likely to be damaged?
Is resilience the ability a community has to resist, accommodate, and recover from a natural hazard? Is capacity to cope how able a community is to manage natural hazards using their available skills and resources?
Is socio-economic how social and economic factors influence one another in local communities?
Does the UN describe a natural disaster as a serious disruption of the functions of a society, exceeding the affected community’s ability to cope?
Does Degg’s model show the interaction between hazards, disaster, and human vulnerability? Does a disaster only occur when a vulnerable population is exposed to a hazard?
Can hazards be measured through magnitude and duration? Are hazards geophysical events, state an example? Could a population be susceptible to human and economic loss because of where they live?
Could where a densely populated community live change a hazard into a disaster?
Are some people unable to afford to live any where else, away from a natural hazard zone? Could some areas be multiple hazard zones which involve ever changing types of hazards?
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes. Yes.
Yes. Over 2,000 deaths.
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes.
Yes
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes, tsunami. Yes.
Yes.
Yes. Yes.
Is the development continuum the sliding scale from least developed to most developed, with many intermediaries?
Are socio-economic problems ones that affect the country socially, as well as economically? Would an example of this farmers not being able to grow crops and do their job, also leading to less exports?
Does the pressure and release model show the progress of vulnerability on a diagram? Are root causes, causes that will lead to a country suffering? Is an example of this a lack of money will lead to less preventions to earthquakes?
Are dynamic pressures local economic or political factors that can affect a community? Are unsafe conditions the physical conditions that affect an individual?
Due to the Haiti earthquake were all hospitals in Port-au-Prince damaged, as well as medical facilities in other regions of the country? How many people were made homeless and killed due to the Haiti earthquake?
What were the majority of the inmates who escaped from the prison in for? How many residences were destroyed due to the poor building materials?
How many people in Haiti died from a cholera outbreak? How many schools were destroyed, in addition to universities being damaged? Did the serious damage to the governmental buildings make the government ineffective for some time?
Was there considerable damage to infrastructure such as phone lines? How many airports did Haiti have, did this get destroyed?
Did the breakdown of law in some parts lead to more crime and violence? Were the temporary houses set up poor quality?
Does having root causes, dynamic pressures, unsafe conditions, and a hazard all make a community vulnerable to a natural disaster?
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Death toll was 316,000 and the amount of homeless people was 2.3m.
Murder, rape, and man slaughter. 250,000.
8,000. 1,300 schools. Yes.
Yes. 1, yes.
Yes. Yes.
Yes.
Do hazard profiles compare physical processes that all hazards share, enabling there to be a clearer idea of what hazard was the most destructive?
Are geophysical disasters, disasters that occur due to physical reasons? Is magnitude the extent to which a natural disaster occurs?
Is intensity how powerful the hazard is? Is speed of onset how much warning is given before the hazard begins? Is areal extent the total area of land the hazard is affecting? Is duration how long something lasts for?
Is frequency how often something occurs? Does frequency and magnitude have a negative correlation, what does this mean?
Does the Mercalli scale acknowledge how much damage has been done? Does the scale range from 0-12? Does the moment magnitude scale have a scale of 0-9 and does it measure the amount of energy released from seismic movement?
Does the volcanic explosively index have a scale between 0 and 8? Does it measure the scale of explosiveness, by looking at factors such as the height of eruption?
What is the first stage towards mitigation? Is another hazard profile made every time a natural hazard occurs?
Can hazard profiling be limiting because of conflicting political and economic agendas? To create hazard profiles were all primary hazards put together and all secondary hazards put together? Would this make it clearer which hazards need more mitigation work?
Except from landslides and tsunamis, are secondary hazards often human caused? Should primary hazards be given most attention due to these causing the biggest losses?
Should hazard profiles only be used as a guideline, rather than authority because little information could be found for some physical processes?
Can hazards be grouped such as all landslides will be grouped together and compared? However may these groups not be very beneficial as landslide type such as avalanche will be different to a creep?
State one hazard that occurs very frequently, and one that does not occur quite so much? Whilst making hazard profiles groups might duration not be taken into account, as volcanic eruptions vary in duration?
Is comparing earthquakes in California and Japan easy because they are measured the same and cause similar damage? However is comparing earthquake to a flood difficult as their impacts on society vary?
When comparing multiple hazards on one scale, can some elements be inaccurately compared?
On a hazard profile against each element is their a ranking line, so for example next to frequency there is there a line with frequent and rare at each end, and you have to mark how often they occur?
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes. Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes, if frequency is high for a particular hazard the magnitudes are often low.
Yes. Yes. Yes.
Yes
Understand the hazards facing your community. Yes.
Yes. Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes.
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Floods occur frequently, whereas volcanic eruptions not so much. Yes.
Yes. Yes.
Yes
Yes
Is governance ways in which organisations manage their affairs? Is inequality when different people experience different standards of living?
Do socio-political systems and issues have a combination of social and political factors?
Is tenure the conditions under which buildings are occupied?
Does uneven economic and territorial development lead to increasing hazard exposure to population and economic assets?
Will collapsing planetary systems and climate change lead to declining eco-systems?
Does a rise in social and economic inequality lead to limited social cohesion (act of forming a united whole)?
Does disaster loss such as livestock and crops, and housing lead to poverty outcomes such as short and long term impacts on welfare and income?
Do poverty outcomes then lead to multidimensional poverty such as illiteracy discrimination and limited opportunities?
Does multidimensional poverty then lead to everyday risks such as crime, which then leads to extensive and intensive risks such as exposure of vulnerable people?
Does asset inequality relate to things such as housing and agricultural productivity? Would agricultural affect the poorer part of the community more as they have houses which are more likely to be knocked down and are more likely to be in the agricultural job sector?
Does inequality of entitlements refer to unequal access to public services and welfare? If natural disaster occurs may poorer people be more susceptible to loss of life as they might not have the access to public services needed to evacuate?
Does political inequality exist worldwide where politicians are possessed by different groups in society? If politicians are not equal to all groups of people will some have better chances of surviving?
Does social status inequality often mean space and include peoples’ ability to gain regular income and access to services? If people are unable to get as frequent income will they be unable to afford healthcare, and therefore may struggle to survive longer?
State 2 characteristics that are the opposite in developed countries and developing/emerging countries?
Does economic governance include the decision making process about the economy and how functions in global economy?
Does administrative governance include policy implementation and requires enforcement of building codes?
Does political governance includes deciding what laws to pass? Does this governance bring together different stakeholders?
Yes. Yes.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes.
Birth Rate and amount of aid
Yes
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Is a trend how information changes overtime? Is fluctuation a sudden increase or decrease in the general trend?
Does an anomaly suit the normal results?
Are meteorological hazards ones caused by the weather? Are hydrological hazards caused by water? Name an example of a flood caused by water?
Is the quality of recording hazards going to be different across countries? As countries become more developed and have more money to spend on research might their methods of collecting data change, and therefore provide more accurate results?
From 1960 to 1970 was there a slow increase in the number of reported natural disasters? Was the number of natural disasters per annum then stationary until 1975, followed by up and down movements up until 2016?
Could 2016 have been an anomaly because its full year might have not been measured?
Is the number of geophysical hazards (earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis) more fluctuated over this time frame than the general number of hazards were? Is 2016 an anomaly for the same reason?
Would it be disastrous if mega cities had a natural hazard due to its high population? Are most of the current mega cities relatively wealthy indicating they have put in preventions just in case hazards were to happen?
From 1960-2015 had geophysical hazards remained relatively constant compared to meteorological and hydrological hazards?
Although there are a few years from 1960-2016 where lots of people are affected by geophysical hazards, for the majority of the years are the number of people affected relatively low? When was the highest amount of people affected (what year)?
From 1960-2016, was the year with the highest amount of deaths caused by geophysical disasters was 1976? Was this due to a hazardous earthquake in China, which caused half a million deaths?
From 1960-2016 was the year with the most total economic damage caused by geophysical disasters 2013?
Yes. Yes.
No
Yes. Yes. River flood.
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes.
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes.
Yes
Yes. 2008.
Yes. Yes.
Yes
Is a multiple hazard zone where there is a risk that more than one type of hazard could occur?
State 2 other names for a typhoon? Do these types of hazards only happen in the tropics due to needing high sea temperatures above 26 degrees?
Are these types of hazards ranked from category 1 to category 5 with 5 being up to 250mph or faster?
What month and year did Typhoon Haiyan affect the South East Asian country of the Philippines? Was Typhoon Haiyan one of the strongest Typhoons to have ever been recorded; how fast were the winds?
What was the greatest amount of rainfall within a 12 hour period in a region? How high were the waves that battered some parts of the coast?
Did Typhoon Haiyan have economic, social, and environmental impacts? What was the overall economic impact of Typhoon Haiyan?
How many workers lost their sources of income? Were major rice, corn, and sugar-producing areas in Philippines destroyed affecting the country’s international trade?
How many people were killed by Typhoon Haiyan? How many people became homeless and were displaced by the typhoon? After the typhoon did less affected areas report that their population had doubled after the large influx of refugees?
How many people were working immediately after the disaster compared to prior the event? Did widespread looting take place in the city of Tacloban after the event?
Did widespread floods damage and destroy homes and businesses in coastal areas? How many hectares of farmland was affected? Did an oil spill occur when flooding knocked over Power Barge 103?
Could the results of Typhoon Haiyan been much worse had PAGASA, the Philippines meteorological agency, not been able to predict it two days in advance? How many people were able to evacuate?
How long did it take for the Philippines to ask for international aid? How many people did the UK government provide supplies for?
Did charities help restore normality by helping re-construct fishing boats and helping people get their livelihoods back? How many millions did UN ask for to help with the humanitarian relief efforts?
In 2014 did the Philippines thank people by using billboards in some of the worlds most famous advertising settings?
Does the Philippines contain a vulnerable population who are at risk to many hazards?
Is Philippines close to a destructive plate boundary where the Philippine plate is being subjected beneath the Eurasian plate? Did the Philippine islands form by fold mountains at the boundary and volcanoes form from the rising magma?
In 1991 did Mt Pinatubo erupt, causing many effects such as falling ash ruining agricultural land and collapsing of buildings?
As one of the plates moves below the other, can they sometimes become locked together causing pressure? When pressure becomes too much do the plates jerk past each other causing an earthquake?
Do earthquakes also occur at fault lines, where the plate has cracked under pressure? Did a magnitude 7.8 earthquake occur on Luzon island in 1990, killing over 1,500 people?
Due to the Philippines getting a lot of rain, if this happens in a short time span in areas with steep slopes can landslides occur? Can a landslide also be caused by earthquakes? Did a landslide happen on Leyte island in 2006 after heavy rain for 10 days?
Can one hazard mix with another hazard to cause a third hazard? How many typhoons do Philippines normally have a year? Which Typhoon swept across the densely populated Manila in 2006?
In 1976 was a tsunami around the Moro Gulf caused by an earthquake of magnitude 7.9?
Do some people think greater levels of natural hazards occur because the government prevents their people from living in safer conditions? Are the three choices to dealing with hazards, do nothing and accept the hazard, adjust to the situation of living in the hazardous area, or move away?
Does the adjustment to hazardous areas contain 3 options: spread financial burden (insurance), improving protection and building material, and improve forecasting and warning?
How many of the Philippine islands are not inhabited? How many are not even named? How many of the Philippines 37 volcanoes are active? Why does the Philippines have so many islands and volcanoes?
Have islands and volcanoes been formed by the subduction of the dense oceanic Philippine plate beneath the less dense Eurasian plate? Are the plates then ultimately uplifted and formed into islands?
How many buildings did the eruption of Mt Pinatubo destroy and how many people died? How many of the worlds active volcanoes are found along the Pacific Ring of Fire? What was the worst affected area following the 1990 eruption?
Yes
Cyclone and hurricane. Yes.
Yes
November 2013. Yes, 313km/hr.
281.9mm. 7m.
Yes. $5.8bn.
6m. Yes.
More than 7,000. 1.9m people became homeless and 6,000,000 were displaced.
Yes
70 people compared to 2,500 normally working. Yes.
Yes. 71,000 hectares of land. Yes.
Yes. 750,000.
1 day. 800,000 victims.
Yes. 480 million.
Yes for example in Piccadilly Circus.
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes. Yes.
Yes. 10. Typhoon Xangsane.
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Yes
5,000. 2,500. 18. Because Philippines is located on the infamous Ring of Fire.
Yes. Yes.
20,000 buildings and killed 1,600 people. 3/4. Northern Luzon.
Does mitigation mean trying to reduce the impacts of the impacts of the disaster? Is recovery how long the area affected takes to recover from the natural hazard?
Is relief the money used to help rebuild the area after destruction? During the response stage is the focus on making sure people are safe, prevention of disasters, and meeting basic needs of people?
Is preparedness whether the area in question has organised themselves in the case of another natural disaster? Is adaptation changing the way to live in order to limit the impacts of a disaster?
Is capacity everything available to an organisation to reduce disaster risk? Does the disaster response curve show how a hazard affects a country, as well the recovery time taken?
Are NGOs organisations who supply aid to countries, without direction from the government? Does the hazard management cycle take into account preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation? Does mitigation involve rebuilding in a better way to reduce similar impacts?
Is a slow onset disaster one that does not appear from a single event, but one that emerges from a confluence of different events? Does rapid onset disaster create impacts through immediate physical effects?
Is another name for the disaster response curve the Park Model? Does it aim to show the effects a hazard has on quality of life overtime? Is stage one before the event, demonstrating the quality of life at its normal equilibrium?
At stage two is quality of life still at its normal level even though the hazard has occurred? Is stage three where the event has occurred and search and rescue is underway? Does quality of life drop at stage three, subsequently becoming stationary for a few days until it can reach its level of before?
Is stage four where relief starts to occur? Can it take a variable amount of time to get to this stage?
Does stage five refer to long term help, which subsequently means restoring the location to how it was prior to the event or even better?
Is stage three the immediate aftermath of the event, whereas stage four is when international aid arrives?
Is the hazard management cycle steps emergency managers use in the planning for and responding to disasters? Is this hazard management cycle used on all kinds of scales, from local to international?
Do preparedness strategies involve making sure there are emergency services and knowledge of how to react when a hazard does occur?
Does the response section of the hazard management cycle focus on the immediate need of the population such as protection of life? Is recovery long term responses such as rebuilding?
Does the mitigation stage involve authorities looking at the impact of the disaster and rebuilding in a way that limits the amount of damage done from the next hazard? Does recovery and mitigation happen at the same time?
Is this process reviewed after being completed? Is preparedness training and making sure people know how to react to hazards, response immediate help after the event, recovery the rebuilding process (the same or better than it was), mitigation reducing vulnerability?
Yes
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes. Yes.
Yes. Yes. Yes it does.
Yes. Yes.
Yes.
Yes
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Yes.
Yes
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Yes. Yes.
