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Edexcel Geography > Tectonic Processes And Hazards > Flashcards

Tectonic Processes And Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Mantle

A

A solid that generates huge amounts of heat which flow towards the earth’s surface. It’s a solid, but because of the very high temperatures present it is deformable / plastic, and capable of a very high flow.

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2
Q

Mantle Plumes

A

Concentrated areas of heat convection. At plate boundaries they are sheet-like, whereas at hot spots they are column-like.

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3
Q

Radioactive Isotopes in the Mantle

A

Uranium-238 and Thorium-232

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4
Q

Oceanic Plates

A

High Density, basaltic rock but only 7-10 km thick

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5
Q

Continental Plates

A

Thicker at 25-70km, but made of less dense granitic rock

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6
Q

Locations of mid-plate hotspots

A

Hawaii and the Galápagos Islands

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7
Q

Divergent Oceanic - Oceanic Example

A

Mid-Atlantic Ridge in Iceland

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8
Q

Divergent Oceanic - Oceanic Description and Hazards

A

Rising convection currents bring magma to the surface resulting in small basaltic eruption, creating new oceanic plate. Minor, shallow earthquakes

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9
Q

Divergent Continental - Continental example

A

African Rift Valley / Red Sea

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10
Q

Divergent Continental - Continental Description and Hazards

A

Caused by a geologically recent mantle plume splitting a continental plate to create a new ocean basin. Basaltic volcanoes and minor earthquakes

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11
Q

Convergent Continent-Continent example

A

Himalayas

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12
Q

Convergent Continental - Continental Description and Hazards

A

The collision of the continental landmasses creating a mountain belt as the landmasses crumple. Infrequent major earthquakes distributed over a wide area

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13
Q

Convergent Oceanic - Oceanic Example

A

Aleutian Islands, Alaska

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14
Q

Convergent Oceanic - Oceanic Description and Hazards

A

One oceanic plate is subducted beneath another, generating frequent earthquakes and a curving chain of volcanic islands

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15
Q

Convergent Oceanic - Continental Example

A

Andean Mountains

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16
Q

Convergent Oceanic - Continental Description and Hazards

A

An oceanic plate is subducted under a continental plate, creating a volcanic mountain range, frequent large earthquakes and violent eruptions.

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17
Q

Conservative Oceanic-Continental Example

A

California, San Andreas Fault zone

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18
Q

Conservative Oceanic-Continent Description and Hazards

A

Plates slide past each other, along zones known as transform faults. Frequent, shallow earthquakes but no volcanic activity

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19
Q

Subduction

A

The process of one plate sinking beneath another at a convergent boundary

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20
Q

Gravitational Sliding

A

Constructive margins have elevated altitudes because of the rising heat beneath them, which creates a slope down which oceanic plates slide

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21
Q

Slab Pull

A

Cold, density of the oceanic plate pulls itself into the mantle

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22
Q

Benioff Zone

A

A range of focal depths from 10km to 400km, following the line of the subducting plate. It can yield very large earthquakes up to magnitude 9.0.

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23
Q

Wet Partial Melting

A

Plates melt generating magma with a high gas a slice content, which erupts with explosive force.

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24
Q

Examples of Collision Zones

A

Himalaya Mountains (boundary between Indo-Australian planet and Eurasian)

Kashmir 2005

Nepal 2015

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25
Q

P-Waves / Primary Waves

A

The fasted seismic waves. They arrive first, and cause the least damage.

26
Q

S-Waves / Secondary Waves

A

Arrive second and shake the ground violently, causing damage

27
Q

L-Waves / Love Waves

A

Arrive Last as they travel only across the surface. However, they have a large amplitude and cause significant damage, including fracturing the ground surface.

28
Q

Crustal Fracturing in Earthquakes Example

A

Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004; ruptured a fault line for up to 1000km

29
Q

Landslide Example

A

Landslides accounted for up to 30% of deaths in the 2008 Sichuan and 2005 Kashmir Earthquakes.

30
Q

Focus

A

The origin of an earthquake

31
Q

Epicentre

A

The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus.

32
Q

Liquefaction

A

Intense Earthquake shaking compacts the loose sediment together, rocking water between the sediment out and upward. This undermines foundations and causes buildings to sink, tilt and often collapse.

33
Q

Lava flow

A

Extensive areas of solidified lava, which can extend several kilometres from volcanic vents if the lava is basaltic and low viscosity. It can flown at up to 40km/h

34
Q

Pyroclastic flow

A

Very large dense clouds of hot ash and gas at temperatures of up to 600 degrees. They can flow down the flanks of volcanoes and devastate large areas.

35
Q

Ash Fall

A

Ash particles, and larger tephra particles, can. Blanket huge areas in ash,killing vegetation, collapsing buildings and poisoning water courses

36
Q

Gas Eruption

A

The eruption of carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide, which can poison people and animals in extreme cases

37
Q

Lahar

A

Volcanic mudflows, which occur when rainfall mobilises volcanic ash. They travel at high speed down river systems and cause major destruction

38
Q

Jökuhlaup

A

Devastating floods caused when volcanoes erupt beneath glaciers and ice caps, creating huge volumes of meltwater. They are common in Iceland

39
Q

Volcano type where lava flow occurs

A

Composite at a subduction zone and Shield at a hot-spot

40
Q

Volcano Type where Pyroclastic Flow occurs

A

Composite at subduction zone

41
Q

Volcano Type where Ash Fall Occurs

A

Cinder Cone / Fissure Eruption at constructive margin and Composite at subduction zone

42
Q

Volcano Type where Gas eruptions occur

A

Composite at subduction zone and Shield at hot-spot

43
Q

Volcano Type where Lahar occurs

A

Composite at Subduction zone

44
Q

Volcano Type where jökulhlaup occurs

A

Cinder Cone / Fissure Eruption at constructive plate margin

45
Q

The 4 deadly tsunamis since 2004

A

2004 Indian Ocean, 2006 Java Indonesia, 2009 Samoa, 2011 Japan

46
Q

2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

A

9.2 Magnitude, 24m high waves, 230 000 deaths

47
Q

2006 Java, Indonesia Tsunami

A

7.7 Magnitude, 2-6m high waves, 800 deaths

48
Q

2009 Samoa Tsunami

A

8.1 Magnitude, 14m high waves, 190 deaths

49
Q

2011 Japan Tsunami

A

9.0 Magnitude, 9.3m high waves, 16 000 deaths

50
Q

Tsunami Formation

A

A sub-marine earthquake displaces the sea bed vertically as a result of movement along a fault line at a subduction zone. The violent motion displaces a large volume of water in the ocean water column, which then moves outward in all directions from the point of displacement. The water moves as a vast bulge in open water, rather than as a distinct wave.

51
Q

Characteristics of a Tsunami in open ocean

A

A wave hight of less than 1m, wavelength of more than 100km, speeds of 500 - 950 km/h

52
Q

Threshold

A

The magnitude above which a disaster occurs. This threshold level could be different in developed countries vs a developing country because of different levels of resilience

53
Q

Hazard Risk Equation

A

Risk = (hazard x vulnerability) / capacity to cope

54
Q

Characteristics of a Country with a high capacity to cope and high resilience

A

Emergency Evacuation, rescue and relief systems are in place. They react by helping each other to reduce numbers affected. Hazard-Resistant design or land use planning have reduced the numbers at risk.

55
Q

Pressure and Release Model Example

A

2010 Port-au-Prince earthquake in Haiti. It’s magnitude of 7.0 was relatively low, but the death toll has been estimated at 160,000.

56
Q

Root Causes in the Pressure and Release Model

A

Low access to resources, limited influence in decision making, poor governance and a weak economic system

57
Q

Dynamic Pressures in the Pressure and Release Model

A

Lack of education training and investment, rapid population change and urbanisation

58
Q

Unsafe Conditions in the Pressure and Release Model

A

Poor construction standards, unsafe infrastructure, poverty, lack of social safety net

59
Q

The PAR model applied to the Haiti Earthquake

A

GPD = US$1200, 70% of jobs in the informal sector, 25% living in extreme poverty, 50% under 20 years old, no sewer system, 80% of housing is unplanned, informal slums

60
Q

Resilience

A

The ability of a community to cope with a hazard; some communities are better prepared than others so a hazard is less likely to become a disaster

61
Q

Social Impacts of Tectonic Hazards

A

Deaths, injury and wider health impacts including psychological ones

62
Q

Economic Impacts of tectonic hazards

A

The loss of property, business, infrastructure and opportunity

Edexcel Geography (1 decks)

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