Tectonic + natural Hazards Flashcards
Conservative plate margin
Where two tectonic plates slide past each other
Constructive plate margin
Tectonic plate margin where rising magma adds new material to plates that are diverging or moving apart
What is a natural hazard?
A natutral event that threatens people or has the potential to cause destruction and death
What are the different natural hazards?
Eartquake
Volcanic eruptions
Tropical storm
Flood
Why is hazard risk increasing?
population growth, urbanisation, pressure on marginal land and changes to the natural environment.
What is a destructive plate margin?
Two plates are converging and oceanic plate is subducted
Accoiated with voilent and explosive volcano eruptions and earthquakes
Properties of the crust?
thin layer between 0 - 60 km thick. The crust is the solid rock layer upon which we live. It is either continental or oceanic
What is a convection current?
A movement within the Earth’s mantle caused by the heat of the core.
What is slab pull?
Occurs when older, denser tectonic plates sink into the mantle, pulling newer and less dense sections of plate along behind.
What drives the movement of tectonic plates?
slab pull
What are the primary effects of the Christchurch earthquake?
181 people were killed.
2,000 injured.
Over 50 per cent of the city’s buildings were damaged.
The city’s cathedral spire collapsed.
Water and sewage pipes were damaged.
What are the secondary effects of the Christchurch earthquake?
Businesses were closed for a long time.
Christchurch couldn’t hold the five Rugby World Cup matches.
Schools were closed for two weeks due to the damage.
What are the short term responses of the Christchurch earthquake?
International aid was provided (around $6-7 million).
Aid workers from charities such as the Red Cross came to help.
Areas were zoned to assess damage.
300 Australian police officers were flown in.
What are the long term responses to the Christchurch earthquake?
$898 million in building insurance claims.
Water and sewerage were restored to the city by August 2011.
Temporary housing was provided.
What are the primary effects of the Haiti earthquake?
220,000 people were killed.
300,000 people were injured.
The main port was badly damaged.
Eight hospitals collapsed.
100,000 houses were destroyed and 200,000 were damaged.
1.3 million people became homeless
What are the secondary effects of the Haiti earthquake?
2 million people were left without food and water.
Frequent power cuts occurred.
Crime increased - looting became a problem and sexual violence escalated.
People moved into temporary shelters.
By November 2010 there were outbreaks of cholera.
What are the short term responses to the Haiti earthquake?
Crucial aid was slow to arrive due to the damaged port.
USA sent rescue teams and 10,000 troops.
Bottled water and purification tablets were provided.
235,000 people were moved to less-damaged cities away from Port-au-Prince.
The UK government donated £20 million.
What are the long term responses to the Haiti earthquake?
Haiti was dependent on overseas aid.
New homes were built to a higher standard although the response was slow. One year after the earthquake, over one
million people were still living in temporary shelters.
The port needed rebuilding which required a large amount of investment.
What is monitoring?
Recording physical changes, such as earthquake tremors around a volcano, to help forecast when and where a natural hazard might strike.
What is Prediction?
to forecast when and where a natural hazard will strike, based on current knowledge
What is protection?
Actions taken before a hazard strikes to reduce its impact, such as educating people or improving building
design
What is preparation?
drills in all public buildings so that people know what to do in the event of an earthquake. This helps to reduce the impact and increases their chance of survival
