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tectonic hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

where are earthquakes volcanoes and tsunamis distributed?

A

around/on plate boundaries, ring of fire, west coast of south america and south east of asia

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2
Q

what drives the movement of the earths plates?

A

convection currents in the earths mantle

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3
Q

where is the crust (oceanic and continental) ?

A

7km (oceanic) up to 70km (continental) thick

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4
Q

what is the surface temperature of the crust

A

up to about 400°c

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5
Q

what is the density of the crust

A

less dense ( oceanic- 2.7g/cm3 and continental- 3.3g/cm3)

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6
Q

what is the crust made out of

A

granite (continental) and basalt ( oceanic)

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7
Q

what is the physical state of the crust

A

solid

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8
Q

where is the mantle

A

from 700km to 2890km deep

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9
Q

what is the temperature of the mantle

A

870°c

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10
Q

what is the density of the mantle

A

less dense to medium density

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11
Q

what is the mantle made out of

A

peridote upper= olivine
lower= magnesium silicate

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12
Q

what is the physical state of the mantle

A

phases of liquid and solid in layers

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13
Q

where is the outer core

A

from 2890km to 5150km

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14
Q

what is the temperature of the outer core

A

4400°c to 6100°c

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15
Q

what is the density of the outer core

A

dense

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16
Q

what is the outer core made from

A

12% sulphur
88% iron

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17
Q

physical state of outer core

A

liquid (generate magnetic field)

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18
Q

where is the inner core

A

5150km to the centre

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19
Q

what is the temperature of the inner core

A

7000°c (radioactive decay)

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20
Q

how dense is the inner core

A

very dense

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21
Q

what is the inner core made from

A

20% nickel
80% iron

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22
Q

what is the physical state of the inner core

A

solid ( generates heat)

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23
Q

what are the 4 types of plate boundary

A

constructive, destructive, collision and conservative ( transform)

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24
Q

what activity happens at constructive place boundaries

A

seismic ( shallow focus low magnitude) and volcanic ( flowing eruptions)

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25
Q

what happens at a constructive plate boundary

A

plates move apart

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26
Q

what are features of constructive plate boundaries

A

island arcs and ocean trench

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27
Q

what happens at a destructive plate boundary

A

plates move towards each other and oceanic plate or other plate subducts

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28
Q

what activity is found at a destructive plate boundary

A

seismic ( shallow focus and high magnitude) and volcanic ( explosive)

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29
Q

what are features of a destructive plate boundary

A

fault lines, ridges and surface scarring, fold mountains

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30
Q

what happens at a collision plate boundary

A

plates move together and push each other up

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31
Q

what activity is at a collision plate boundary

A

seismic ( shallow focus moderate magnitude) and no volcanic

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32
Q

what are features of a collision plate boundary

A

fold mountains and plateaus

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33
Q

what happens at a conservative plate boundary

A

plates slide past each other and cause friction

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34
Q

what activity is found at a conservative plate boundary

A

seismic ( moderate to high magnitude shallow focus) but no volcanic

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35
Q

what are features of a conservative plate boundary

A

fault lines - san andreas fault

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36
Q

what is slab pull

A

older and colder plates sink at the subduction zones ( where plates subduct) because as they cook they become more dense than the underlying mantle. the cooler sinking plate pulls the rest of the warmer plate along behind it

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37
Q

what is paleomagnetism ?

A

the oceanic crust showed symmetric bands of magnetic stripes formed either side of a mid ocean ridge. the earths magnetic field reversed every 200000 to 300000 years. paleomagnetism provides evidence that the sea floor spreading plays a key role

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38
Q

what are the 4 types of plate boundary

A

destructive, collision, constructive and conservative

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39
Q

what is an example of a destructive plate

A

Nazca plate South america

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40
Q

what are the hazards at a destructive plate

A

volcanoes tsunamis and earthquakes

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41
Q

what is an example of a collision plate boundary

A

himalaya mountain range

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42
Q

what are the hazards at a collision boundary

A

earthquakes

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43
Q

what is an example of a constructive plate boundary

A

mid atlantic ridge iceland

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44
Q

what are the hazards on a constructive plate boundary

A

volcanoes and earthquakes

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45
Q

what is an example of a conservative plate boundary

A

san andreas fault USA

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46
Q

what are the hazards at a conservative plate boundary

A

earthquake

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47
Q

which plate boundary is most active

A

destructive are most seismically active with powerful earthquakes tsunamis and volcanoes

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48
Q

why are volcanoes and earthquakes not created at all plate boundaries

A

some areas have little to no magma at plate boundaries

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49
Q

what is intraplate

A

away from plate boundaries ( hotspots)

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50
Q

what is interplate

A

on plate boundaries

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51
Q

what evidence is there that not all tectonic activity happens on plate boundaries

A

in areas like Central Asia and areas in North America there are many earthquakes and volcanoes

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52
Q

what is an example of an intraplate tectonic event

A

Gujarat India which sits on the centre of the indian plate
7.7 magnitude
13000-20000 deaths

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53
Q

what are intraplate earthquakes caused by

A

stresses within a plate. zones of weakness are created and earthquakes happen along the zones of weakness

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54
Q

what are the differences between interplate and intraplate

A

interplate-
at plate boundary, recurrence time less, recognised at surface, release less stress are dissipated quickly, more common

intraplate
in interior of tectonic plate, recurrence time is longer, rarely recognised, release more stress, dissipates more slowly, less common

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55
Q

what is the focus depth

A

where the earthquake originated from ( how deep)

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56
Q

how does focus depth effect the strength of the earthquake

A

more shallow- stronger quake

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57
Q

what are the 4 main factors affecting the strength of an earthquake

A

focus depth, type of boundary, distance from epicentre, geology

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58
Q

how does type of boundary affect the strength of an earthquake

A

different plate boundaries have different strength earthquakes- destructive has most severe earthquakes

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59
Q

what is the epicentre

A

point on earths surface directly above focus

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60
Q

how does the distance from the epicentre affect the strength of the earthquake

A

the further away from epicentre- weaker the earthquake

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61
Q

how does geology affect earthquakes

A

fault lines are where earthquakes most commonly take place

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62
Q

what are the 3 types of seismic waves

A

primary waves ( p waves)
secondary waves ( s waves)
love waves ( l waves)

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63
Q

what are the key features of primary waves

A

body wave with highest velocity, least damaging, can travel through solids and liquids and reach surface first

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64
Q

what are the key features of secondary waves

A

body wave with slower velocity but higher amplitude, move slower, move with sideways motion, more damaging

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65
Q

what are the features of love waves

A

surface wave with high amplitude, last to arrive at surface, most damaging, focus. all energy on earths surface

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66
Q

what is amplitude

A

the maximum extent of vibration measured from the position of equilibrium

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67
Q

how are tsunamis formed

A

triggered by a sudden displacement of water in ocean (earthquakes or eruptions), barely noticeable in ocean not a threat, waves spread out at extreme speed, wave friction on shoreline slows down causing wave height to increase ( up to 100ft ) wave then recedes

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68
Q

what is a water column

A

a body of water

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69
Q

which plate are the strongest earthquake waves from

A

destructive plate boundaries

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70
Q

where was the 2004 boxing day indian ocean earthquake/tsunami

A

it began just off the coast of indonesia in the indian ocean but it affected many other areas such as Bangladesh and Thailand

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71
Q

which plates was the indian ocean earthquake/ tsunami on the border of

A

the indo australian plate and the Eurasian plate

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72
Q

what year was the indian ocean earthquake/ tsunami

A

2004

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73
Q

what type of hazard is a tsunami (primary or secondary)

A

secondary

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74
Q

what were the causes of the boxing day tsunami

A

30km below surface underwater earthquake measuring 9.0 on richter scale occurred off the western coast of northern indonesia. result of a sudden release of pressure along plate boundary shaking the sea bed causing water to be displaced

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75
Q

why was the indian ocean tsunami so devastating

A

because epicentre was so close to land and the earthquake had a magnitude of 9.0 and the country is an EDC was not prepared

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76
Q

what are some environmental impacts of the indian ocean earthquake

A

8mill litres of oil escaped from oil plants in indonesia
mangroves and coral reefs were damaged and destroyed
freshwater supplies and agricultural soil was contaminated by salt water

77
Q

what are some social impacts of the indian ocean tsunami

A

1500 villages in sumatra were destroyed

schools and hospitals were damaged and forced to close

5-6 mill people left needing clean water

estimated 1.7 mill people homeless

290000 people killed

9000 tourists killed

78
Q

what are some economic impacts of the indian ocean tsunami

A

infrastructure destroyed

120000tourist workers lost their job

ports were damaged affecting trade

thailand tourism industry lost $25mill a month

79
Q

what were the 4 tectonic plates where the turkey syria earthquake took place

A

anatolian, african, arabian and eurasian plate

80
Q

what was the name of the fault closest to the syria turkey earthquake

A

east anatolian fault

81
Q

where was the first quake of the turkey syria earthquake

A

south of turkey close to syria. first quake was further south and closer to the border of syria close to areas such as Gaziantep and kilis

82
Q

where was the second quake of the turkey syria earthquake

A

south of turkey, further north and was close to areas such as Ekinozu. the fault was between the two quakes

83
Q

why was the turkey syria earthquake so deadly

A

2 earthquakes

first earthquake was 7.8

broke along 100km of fault causing serious damage to buildings nearby

occurred in early hours of the morning everyone was in buildings

not sturdy buildings

shallow focus

84
Q

what are the differences between the effects on syria and the effects on turkey

A

syria- in serious conflict to harder for them to prepare

may have had different numbers of population living close to where it happened

85
Q

what are the hazards of volcanoes

A

lava flows, pyroclastic flow, tephra, ash falls, gas eruptions, lahars, jokulhlaup

86
Q

what are the primary hazards of volcanoes

A

lava flows, pyroclastic flow, tephra, ash falls, gas eruptions

87
Q

what are the secondary hazards of volcanoes

A

lahars and jokulhlaups

88
Q

what are lava flows

A

streams of lava that have errupted onto earths suface. very hot ( up to 1170°c) not really an immediate threat to humans because slow moving but destroy houses and farmland

89
Q

what is an example of lava flows

A

Kilauea in Hawaii, 2018- large lava flows covered land south east of park destroying 700 homes . moved at speeds of up to 17mph

90
Q

what is pyroclastic flow

A

a mixture of hot rock, lava, ash and gas that is ejected from a volcano during an eruption. They move extremely fast and destroy everything that they touch. very hot ( up to 700°c) and move at up to 100km/h

91
Q

what is an example of pyroclastic flow

A

Fuego ( guatemala)
was the reason so many people died in most recent eruption. reached speeds of up to 450mph travelled miles from volcano. 69 deaths

92
Q

what is tephra

A

name given to the peices of volcanic rock and ash released into the air during eruption. large pieces that are heavier don’t travel as far. can cause injury and death

93
Q

what are ash falls

A

the ash from the volcano that is very disruptive. ash covers everything causing dangerous roads and poor visibility. roofs can collapse from weight of it car and plane engines can get clogged up

94
Q

what is an example of an ash cloud

A

iceland 2010
ash cloud reached altitudes of up to 30,000 feed covering large areas of north west europe. disrupted flight paths for over a week. triggered local evacuations in iceland to prevent inhalation of gas

95
Q

what are gas eruptions

A

magma contains gases which are released during an erruption: these include water vapour carbon dioxide and sulphur. they affect people animals and structures

96
Q

what is an example of a gas erruption

A

My pinatubo, philippines the errution in 1991, produced 20mins tonnes of sulphur dioxide. cooled the earth for 3 years by 0.6°c

97
Q

what are lahars

A

masses of rock, mud and water that move very quickly down the sides of volcano. They are caused when the heat of an erruptionmeltd the snow and ice around some volcanoes. can also be caused by heavy rain during or after an eruption- loosens the rock and soil and causes it to move downslope

98
Q

what is an example of a lahar

A

Nevado del ruiz in colombia- pyroclastic flow melted 10% of snow and ice on volcano. lahars travelled up to 60km per hour travelled 100km killing 23000

99
Q

what is a jokulhaup

A

the heat of the volcanic eruption can melt the snow and ice in a glacier causing g heavy and sudden flooding. dangerous because can release large amounts of rock water and gravel

100
Q

what is an example of a jokulhlaup

A

iceland 2010
large subglacial explosive eruption started beneath the summit. melted 200m thick ice cap. flood damaged ring road and there was evacuation of area

101
Q

what are the features of a shield volcano

A

less viscous lava
sloped sides
constructive plate boundaries
not explosive
less destructive
no layers
basaltic lava

102
Q

what are the features of a composite volcano

A

thick viscous lava
destructive plate
steep
explosive
more dangerous
associated with rhyolitic lava

103
Q

what are hotspot volcanoes

A

places where magma rises up through crust. often away from plate boundary as plate moves from hotspot volcano island is formed

104
Q

what are the three types of volcano

A

sheild composite and hotspot

105
Q

what are the different types of lava

A

basaltic (45%)
andesitic (52%)
rhyolitic ( 75%)

106
Q

what is the silica content of basaltic lava

A

45%- 50

107
Q

what is the silica content of andesitic

A

52% - 66

108
Q

what is the silica content of rhyolitic

A

68- 77%

109
Q

what kind of lava does a shield volcano have

A

lower silica content- basaltic
runny

110
Q

what type of lava does a composite volcano have

A

high silica content- rhyolitic
slow flowing

111
Q

which type of lava has low viscosity

A

basaltic

112
Q

which type of lava has high viscosity

A

rhyolitic

113
Q

what is a hazard

A

a perceived natural event that has the potential to threaten both life and property

114
Q

what is a disaster

A

the reality of a hazard happening when it causes a significant impact on a vulnerable population

115
Q

what is the hazard risk equation

A

risk= hazard x exposure x vulnerability
——————
manageability

116
Q

what is risk

A

the probability of a hazard occurring that leads to the loss of lives or livelihood

117
Q

what is vulnerability

A

ability to defend yourself eg old people

118
Q

what does PAR stand for

A

pressure and release model

119
Q

what does the pressure model show

A

the progression of vulnerability compared to the hazard itself

120
Q

which type of disaster is most common?

A

hydrological

121
Q

which type of disaster is least common

A

climatological

122
Q

how does the UN identify a disaster

A

with 500 or more deaths

123
Q

when is something identified as a mega disaster

A

over 2000 deaths or over 200,000 people homeless, the gdp of the country is reduced by 5%

124
Q

what are two examples of mega disasters

A

iceland 2010, japan 2011

125
Q

what made iceland 2010 a mega disaster

A

airlines lost 200 mill dollars a day, many homeless, affected many flights

126
Q

why was japan 2011 a mega disaster

A

over 20000 deaths, 5% loss of gdp

127
Q

what is a multi hazard zone

A

locations where a number of physical hazards combine to create an increased level of risk for the country and it’s population

128
Q

what’s is an example of a multi hazard zone

A

japan- tropical storms, earthquakes and volcanoes

129
Q

what type of plate boundary is the philippines on ?

A

destructive

130
Q

how many of the volcanoes are active in the philippines

A

18/37

131
Q

what is a famous mudslide in the philippines

A

the southern Leyte mudslide 2006 killed 1126

132
Q

what is a mega city in the philippines

A

Manila- population of over 8 mill

133
Q

what is the GDP per capita of the philippines

A

$4400

134
Q

what is the HDI of the philippines

A

0.75

135
Q

what are the key points of the Mt Pinatubo volcano in 1991

A

847 people killed
650000 workers lost jobs
$700 mill in damages
1.2 mill people lost homes

136
Q

what is land use zoning

A

using land closest to volcanos for farming and houses further away

137
Q

what is a hazard profile

A

a profile that compares the physical processes that all hazards share and helps decision makers to identify and rank the hazards that should be given most attention

138
Q

what are the categories in the hazards profiles

A

magnitude, speed of onset, duration, areal extent, spatial predictability, frequency

139
Q

what are positives of the tectonic profiles

A

could mean that government wastes less money by only targeting ares that need extra help and support

shows a government potential threat of a disaster and allows planning

140
Q

what are the negatives of using tectonic profiles

A

not scientifically accurate- could be events that are unpredictable so should not rely

limited to the amount of data receiveed on past events

allows for human error

some area can not afford

141
Q

how do you predict volcanoes

A

heat near surface indicates magma near surface, thermal imaging, bore holes, gases released, seismometers

142
Q

what is the hazard management cycle

A

hazard management is where governments and other organisations work together to protect people from natural hazards

143
Q

what does hazard management aim to do

A

avoid or reduce loss of life or property

provide help to those affected

ensure rapid and effective recovery

144
Q

what are the main key players

A

emergency responders
businesses
community is groups
interesting organisations
charities

145
Q

what are the 4 stages of the hazard management cycle

A

recovery, mitigation, response, preparation

146
Q

what is the focus of recovery in the management cycle

A

Short-term recovery- focuses on people’s immediate needs, overlaps with response phases, activities may last for weeks
Long-term recovery- involves some of the same actions, may continue for months or even years. includes taking steps to reduce future vulnerability, which overlaps with the mitigation phase and the cycle continue

147
Q

what are examples of recovery

A

Short-term recovery:
• Providing essential health and safety services
• Restoring permanent power and water supplies
• Re-establishing transportation routes
Providing food and temporary shelter
• Organising financial assistance to help people rebuild their lives
Long-term recovery:
“ Rebuilding homes and other structures
• Repairing and rebuilding infrastructure
• Re-opening businesses and schools

148
Q

what is the focus of the mitigation stage in the management cycle

A

Identifying potential natural hazards and taking steps to rescue their impact. reduce loss of life and property (largely by helping communities to become less vulnerable)

149
Q

what are examples of actions taken in the mitigation stage

A

• Zoning and land-use planning
• Developing and enforcing building codes
• Building protective structures (such as
Which cou have under mitigati
• tsunami sea defence walls)
Takes place
Before and after hazard events

150
Q

what is the focus of preparedness in the management cycle

A

Focus
Minimising loss of life and property and facilitating response and recovery.
Plans are developed and implemented by emergency planners

151
Q

what are the main actions of preparedness

A

Developing preparedness plans
Developing early warning systems
• Creating evacuation routes
• Stockpiling aid/equipment/supplies
• Raising public awareness (e.g. earthquake drills)

152
Q

what is the focus of response in the management cycle

A

Coping with disaster. The main aims are to save lives, protect property, make affected areas safe and reduce economic loss.

153
Q

what are the actions in the recovery stage

A

Actions
• Search and rescue efforts
• Evacuating people where needed
• Restoring critical infrastructure (e.g. power/water supplies)
Ensuring that critical services continue (e.g. medical care/law enforcement)

154
Q

what were the effects of the pakistan earthquake 2005 october 8th 2005

A

7.6 earthquake
73000 people died including 17000
128309 people were injured
3.5 mill left homeless

155
Q

what were the immediate responses to the pakistan earthquake

A

500,000 tents and 6 million blankets
safewater for over 700000 people
Food and clothing
Emergency medical care

156
Q

what were the short term responses to pakistan

A

more permanent shelter were built

water supplies were re established

roads were rebuilt

ngos continued to supply cooking kits planners and building supplies

seeds and tools provided so people can grow own food

157
Q

what are the long term responses to pakistan

A

ngos helped nearly 60000 people rebuild livelihoods but providing livestock and animal feed

over next 5 years- new schools , medical centres and homes rebuilt
community based disaster risk. reduction programmes

158
Q

who was the first person to propose that the continents used to be one supercontinent and the idea of continental displacement

A

Alfred Wegener

159
Q

what did alfred wegener propose

A

1912 - German meteorologist and geophysicist proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangea. parts moved apart due to a continental displacement’ (now continental drift). His theory was rejected by most until the 1950s

160
Q

what are examples of evidence of the theory of plate tectonics

A

jigsaw fit theory, fossil evidence, dating oceanic crust, observing fault lines

161
Q

what is jigsaw fit theory

A

the continents can be fitted together
eg the outline of the coast of eastern south america and west africa

162
Q

how does fossil evidence support the theory of plate tectonics

A

finding identical or similar fossils in areas separated by large vast oceans/ distances

163
Q

how does dating oceanic crust support the theory of plate tectonics

A

dating has found newer crustal rocks in deep ocean ridges showing that oceanic crust cools as it ages and becomes denser and su ducts

164
Q

how thick is the crust

A

5-40 km thick

165
Q

how thick is the mantle

A

2900km

166
Q

how thick is the outer core

A

2250 i’m

167
Q

what is the outer core made from

A

iron and nickel

168
Q

what is the inner core made from and how thick is it

A

iron , 1200km

169
Q

what are the 4 main processes that drive plate movement

A

mantle convection, sea floor spreading, subduction, slab pull

170
Q

what is mantle convection c

A

heat produced by radioactive decay in the core heats the lower mantle creasing convection currents within asthenosphere

171
Q

what is seafloor spreading

A

mid ocean ridges formwhen hot magma is forced up and hardens this pushes plates apart

evidence- palaeomagnetism - record of changes in earths magnetic fields

172
Q

what is subduction

A

as 2 plates move towards each other one slides into mantle

173
Q

what is slab pull

A

newly formed oceanic material at mid ocean ridges becomes denser and thicker as it cools causing it to sink into mantle pulling plate down

174
Q

what is the park model ( disaster response curve) ‘s aim

A

to show the effects of a hazard on the quality of life over a sequence of time

175
Q

what does the park model show

A

how countries or religions might respond after a hazard

176
Q

what does the park model take into account

A

that hazards are inconsistent- things such as magnitude and amount of aid change over time

all hazards have different impacts and responses

wealthier countries have different curves

in hazards that affect multiple countries each country has a different curve

177
Q

what are the labels of the two sides of the parks model graph

A

quality of life, level of economy, social stability communication and services ( improvement, normality, deterioration)

the time - pre disaster, relief ( hours to days ) , rehabilitation ( days to weeks) ,
reconstruction ( weeks to years)

178
Q

what are the 5 stages of the parks model

A

stage one - normality

stage 2- hazardous event

stage 3- search and rescue and care

stage 4- relief and rehabilitation may include ouside help

stage 5- nature of recovery related to- need to reduce vulnerability, need to restor normality as soon as possible

179
Q

what is the difference in recoveries of lids and acs

A

lidc’s - much slower recovery period and never reaches normality again

ac’s- fast recovery and improvements after disaster

180
Q

what is a GIS ( geographic information system)

A

software that blends the power of a map with the power of a database to allow people to create, manage and analyse data Mapping data reveals information about locations and populations vital for a range of sectors, across health education, manufacturing and insurance.

181
Q

what is crisis mapping

A

the real-time gathering, display and analysis of data during a crisis Crisis , allows large numbers of people, Including the public and crisis responders, to contribute normation either remotely of from the site of the crisis

182
Q

what is the wilson cycle

A

proposed by Tuzo Wilson

The theory behind the cycle is that if continents move apart to form ocean basins, then other oceans must close. Therefore, if land moves apart to create rifts then they must also move together.

183
Q

what are earthquakes caused by?

A

Sudden movements along fault lines near the earths surface. The movements are caused by buildup of tectonic strain.

184
Q

What is the Benioff zone?

A

an area of seismicity corresponding with the slab being thrust downwards in a subduction zone. the different speeds and movements of rock at this point produce numerous earthquakes

185
Q

What is the Benioff zone?

A

an area of seismicity corresponding with the slab being thrust downwards in a subduction zone. the different speeds and movements of rock at this point produce numerous earthquakes

186
Q

What is liquefaction?

A

occurs when vibrations or water pressure within a mass of soil, cause the soil particles to lose contact with one another as a result the soil behaves like liquid and has an inability to support weight and can flow down very gentle slopes

187
Q

What are tsunamis?

A

A series of waves caused by earthquakes or undeceive volcanic eruptions

188
Q

what are ways to monitor and predict eruptions?

A

Small earthquakes, change in shape, changes to the tilt, gas and temperature

physical geography (C) (1 decks)

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