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Year 10 - Hazardous Earth > Tectonic Hazards > Flashcards

Tectonic Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main layers of the Earth?

A

crust (lithosphere), mantle, outer core, inner core

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2
Q

What is the asthenosphere?

A

The upper layer of the mantle that is partially molten. This is where convection currents occur.

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3
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

The rigid outer layer of the Earth including the crust and a small solid layer of the upper mantle

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4
Q

What are the features of oceanic crust?

A

Thinner and more dense (heavier). Located under oceans

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5
Q

What are the features of continental crust?

A

Thicker and less dense (lighter). Where land is located

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6
Q

What are convection currents?

A

Circular motions of magma in the mantle. Magma is heated by heat produced from radioactive decay in the inner core. This causes the magma to rise towards the crust. As it nears the crust it cools and falls. This heating and cooling creates circular motions of magma in the mantle. Convection currents also drive plate movement.

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of plate boundary?

A

Convergent
Divergent
Conservative
Collision

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8
Q

What happens at a collision plate boundary?

A

Two continental plates collide. Neither plate is forced under the other so both are forced up forming fold mountains. There are only earthquakes here (no volcanoes)

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9
Q

What happens at a convergent plate boundary?

A

One oceanic and one continental plate are moving towards each other. The more dense oceanic plate is subducted below the continental crust

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10
Q

What happens at a divergent plate boundary?

A

Two plates are moving away from each other. This causes a gap in the curst, that magma moves up through, producing shield volcanoes

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11
Q

What happens at a conservative plate boundary?

A

Two plates are sliding past each other, either in the same direction or in opposite directions

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12
Q

Name an example of a collision plate boundary

A

Himalayas

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13
Q

What is subduction?

A

When more dense oceanic crust is forced beneath less dense continental crust

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14
Q

Describe the features of shield volcano

A

Shield like shape
Low gently sloping sides
Only layers of lava (no ash)
Runny lava
Gentle eruptions

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15
Q

Describe the features of a stratovolcano

A

Cone shape
Steep sides
Alternating layers of ash and lava
Thick sticky lava

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16
Q

What is the Richer scale?

A

The scale used to measure the magnitude of earthquakes

17
Q

What is the focus?

A

The point under the Earth’s surface where the earthquake originates from

18
Q

What is the epicentre?

A

The point on the surface directly above the focus. This is where the strongest shaking occurs

19
Q

What is a HIC?

A

High Income Country (developed)

20
Q

What is an LIC?

A

Low Income Country (developing)

21
Q

How are volcanoes monitored?

A

Measurement of gases
Seismometers to measure small earthquakes (which suggest magma movement)
Tiltmeters (to measure if the side of the volcano begins to bulge)

22
Q

How are earthquakes monitored?

A

Seismometers which detect the shaking of the ground

23
Q

How are buildings adapted for earthquakes?

A

Earthquake resistant design, such as steel frames inside of buildings, springs under the ground in the foundations of the building which absorb the shaking

24
Q

How can we prepare for earthquakes?

A

Earthquake resistant buildings
Earthquake drills
Educating the public
Evacuation plans

25
Q

What is the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)?

A

The scale used to measure the explosivity of a volcanic eruption. This scale measures the amount of ash / tephra produced from a volcano

26
Q

What hazards are produced from a volcanic eruption?

A

Ash
Lava flows
Lava bombs
Tephra
Acid rain
Pyroclastic flow

27
Q

What secondary hazards are produced from earthquakes?

A

Tsunamis

28
Q

How does a tsunami form?

A

An earthquake occurs underneath the ocean, causing one plate to move upwards. This displaces the water above it, causing a wave to be created. This wave then moves in both directions across the ocean and towards the land. When they hit the land, the wave height increases and the wave length decreases. This is due to the friction of the coast

29
Q

What is aid?

A

Help given from another country or NGO to support an area after a disaster. It can be in the form of a rescue team, food, water, shelter or money

30
Q

What is liquefaction?

A

The process by which an earthquake’s violent movement suddenly turns loose soil into liquid mud, making the ground behave like a liquid

Year 10 - Hazardous Earth (2 decks)

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