tectonic hazards

Question 1

How do convection currents cause natural hazards?

Answer 1

Heat from the core causes convection currents in the mantle. These cause the mantle to move as it heats and cools. These currents slowly move the crust around.

Question 2

Give 2 reason why people live in hazardous areas?

Answer 2

1. Hazards don’t happen that often so people don’t see them as a threat
2. Poverty- people have other things to worry about and can’t afford to move
3. Volcanoes brings benefits like fertile soil, hot water and jobs n tourist areas

Question 3

The crust is made up of a number of plates. There are 2 types of crust, what are they?

Answer 3

Oceanic and Continental

Question 4

what is the difference between oceanic and continental plates?

Answer 4

Oceanic= dense and thin
Continental= less dense and thick

Question 5

What are the 2 earthquake case studies called?

Answer 5

Haiti 2015- LIC case study

Christchurch 2011- HIC case study

Question 6

Which plate boundary caused the Haiti 2015 earthquake? and how high was it on the richter scale?

Answer 6

Destructive plate boundary

7.9 richter scale

Question 7

Which plate boundary causes the Christchurch 2011 earthquake? and how high was it on the richter scale?

Answer 7

Conservative plate boundary

6.3 richter scale

Question 8

Give 2 of the primary effects from the Haiti 2015 earthquake

Answer 8

9000 people died
3 million people were homeless
Electricity, water supply and sanitation affected
US $5 billion cost of damage
1.4 million people needed food, water and shelter in the days and weeks after the earthquake
7000 school destroyed and hospitals overwhelmed
International airport became congested as aid arrived
50% of shops destroyed, affecting food supplies and people’s livelihoods

Question 9

Give 2 of the primary effects of the Christchurch 2011 earthquake

Answer 9

1855 people died, 6659 major injuries
10,000 homes damaged, 3500 homes demolished, power outages, the port was damage and many buildings collapsed.
Water supplies and communications/roads disrupted
Liquefaction caused the ground to sink in places

Question 10

Give 2 of the secondary effects from the Haiti 2015 earthquake

Answer 10

Ground shaking triggered landslide and avalanches
Avalanches killed 19 people
Landslides blocked roads and stopped rescue attempts
Risk of flooding from the Gandaki river

Question 11

Give 2 secondary effects from the Christchurch 2011 earthquake

Answer 11

Schools were shut
Many businesses remained closed
Christchurch couldn’t host 5 Rugby World cup matches

Question 12

Give 2 immediate responses to the Haiti 2015 earthquake

Answer 12

search and rescue teams arrived from UK, India and China
Helicopters rescued people on Mount Everest
Half a million tent needed to provide shelter for the homeless
Financial aid pledged from many countries
Field hospital;s set up to support overcrowded main hospitals
300,000 people migrated from Kathmandu to seek shelter and support
Social media widely used in search and rescue operations and satellites mapped damaged areas

Question 13

Give 2 immediate response to the Christchurch 2011 earthquake

Answer 13

International; aid was provided (around $6-7 million)
Aid workers from charities such as the Red Cross came to help
Areas were zoned to assess damage
300 Australian police officers were flown in

Question 14

Give 2 longer term responses to the Haiti 2015 earthquake

Answer 14

Roads repaired and landslides cleared
People re-housed, damages home repaired
Stricter controls on building codes
Heritage sites reopened to help boost tourism

Question 15

Give 2 longer term responses to the Christchurch 2011 earthquake

Answer 15

The construction of around 10,000 affordable homes
water and sewage restored
Many NGOs provided support, including Save the Children

Question 16

What are the 4 main methods of protection against natural hazards

Answer 16

Monitoring
Prediction
Protection
Planning

Question 17

What is monitoring?

Answer 17

Looking for warning signs from volcanoes- changes in shape, gases released etc. Warning signs for earthquake are more difficult, small changes in water pressure, round shape and minor tremors can be felt.

Question 18

What is prediction?

Answer 18

scientific monitoring can help predict volcanic eruption. Earthquake are more difficult to predict as there is little warning.

Question 19

What is protection?

Answer 19

Volcanoes are difficult to control; embankments can be created to divert lava. Earthquake protection is the main way to reduce risk. Buildings and bridges built to resists ground shaking.

Question 20

Planning

Answer 20

Areas to be evacuated in the event if volcanic eruption have been identified. High risk areas are identified in earthquake zines and high value land uses are protected in those areas.

Question 21

What is a constructive boundary?

Answer 21

when 2 tectonic plates pull apart (diverge) from each other. This can cause magma to rise to rise up and create volcanoes and mountains.

Question 22

What is a destructive plate boundary?

Answer 22

oceanic and continental: 2 plates are converging or coming together and oceanic plate (denser) is subducted. AS it subduction it begins to melt which can cause violent earthquakes and explosive volcanoes.
2 continental plates: 2 continental kate’s are converging or coming together, neither is subducted so the land above is forced and folded upwards. Earthquakes and fold mountains are created.

Question 23

What is a conservative plate boundary?

Answer 23

When 2 tectonic plates slide past each others they can sometimes get stuck which can cause tension and earthquakes appear