Tectonic gateway 2 part 2 this pains me Flashcards
1
Q
Risks associated with living in earthquake zones
6
A
- Tsunamis
- Disruption of services
- Landslides
- Destruction of properties
- Destruction of infrastructure
- Loss of lives
2
Q
Risks associated with living in earthquake zones
Tsunamis elab
A
- can travel long distances and cause widespread destruction
- eg 2004, Indian Ocean tsunami spread throughout the Indian Ocean. In Indonesia, the tsunami waves were 4-39km high and went 10km inland. Houses were swept inland or out to sea
3
Q
How are tsunamis formed?
A
- A crack in the sea floor is formed because of an eruption of a submarine volcano, an earthquake or a landslide which could have been due to an earthquake or volcanic eruption.
- The column of water above the crack is displaced
- The waves have a low wave height and high wave speeds of up to 800km/h
- As it approaches the land, in shallow water, the waves slow down due to friction. The wave height starts to increase
- When it breaks onto the coast, It is heights of 15m and travels at 30-50km/h
4
Q
Risks associated with living in earthquake zones
Disruption of service elab
A
- earthquakes disrupt services like electricity and can affect a large area
- the vibration snap pipes and break cables which can lead to fire outbreaks
- communication services like television broadcasts are affected
- eg Kobe, Japan. There were damaged pipes and transmission lines that disrupted gas, electricity and water supplies
5
Q
Risks associated with living in earthquake zones
landslides elab
A
- earthquakes weaken the slopes and this can result in a landslide which are rapid downslope movements of soil, rock and vegetation debris
- eg Peru. An earthquake destabilised the slopes, triggering a landslide. The landslide travelled at more than 160km/h and flattened the town within seconds. 18,000 people died and only 200 survived
- mudflows occur when there is heavy rain which saturates the soil and the mixed soil debris flows down the slope
6
Q
Risks associated with living in earthquake zones
destruction of property elab
A
- people become homeless and reside in temporary shelters
- eg 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan caused extensive structural damage and people where forced from their homes. There was a severe shortage of housing and concerns about the long-term consequences of the health of the people
7
Q
Risks associated with living in earthquake zones
destruction to infrastructure elab
A
- cracks form in infrastructure like roads and bridges. This makes the roads unsafe and transportation is disrupted
- eg Kobe Japan. Many places became inaccessible or difficult to reach. The coast of repair reached US$ 300 billion. It would have been greater if not for the strict building codes in Japan which resulted in less damage to infrastructure
8
Q
Risks associated with living in earthquake zones
loss of lives elab
A
- earthquakes threaten the lives of people in earthquake zones
- eg Christchurch earthquake had around 185 deaths
9
Q
Risks of living near volcanic areas
2
A
- massive destruction by volcanic materials
2. Pollution
10
Q
Risks of living near volcanic areas
Massive destruction by volcanic materials elab
A
- volcanic materials causes widespread damage to property
- lava has high temperatures and will burn anything in its path
- low silica lava moves rapidly and travels long distances so it does damage to a larger area
- pyroclastic flow destroys everything. It has hot rock fragments, with speeds of up to 200km/h, like ash and dust fragments which when breathed in can cause serious injury or death
- volcanic bombs, which can range from several cm to the size of cars, fall in areas surrounding the volcano and cause damage to property
- there may be landslides due to the structural collapse of a volcanic cone and this can cause floods, block roads, and bury villages and farmlands
11
Q
Risks of living near volcanic areas
Pollution elab
A
- ash particles disrupt human activities
- the ash settles on the ground and blocks the sunlight, suffocating crops. It can also cause respiratory problems for people and animals
- volcanic eruptions release gases like carbon monoxide which are harmful to people
- fine ash particles can be carried by wind over thousands of kilometres and impacts areas further away from the eruption source (eg Iceland. Volcanic eruptions produces extensive volcanic ash clouds and it poses a serious danger to aircraft engines and structures. It can result in a closure of air space)
12
Q
benefits of living near volcanic areas
4
A
- fertile soil
- precious stones and minerals
- tourism
- geothermal energy
13
Q
benefits of living near volcanic areas
fertile soil elab
A
-eg Indonesia. The lava and ash break down to form fertile volcanic soil which is rich in minerals, but the minerals are only available after the rocks have been weathered and broken down for thousands of years
14
Q
benefits of living near volcanic areas
precious stones and minerals elab
A
- can only be extracted from volcanic areas millions of years after the eruption has taken place when the upper layers of the volcanic rock as eroded
- eg Diamond. It is heated and pressurised carbon that has cooled in magma pipes. They are useful as industrial tools
15
Q
benefits of living near volcanic areas
tourism elab
A
- people like to hike, camp or enjoy the scenery
- volcanic areas are rich in history and people can learn more about them
- eg Pompeii was buried under layers of ash and has revealed buildings, pottery and mosaics left intact. 3 million people visit every year
