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Earth Science > Tectonic Activities > Flashcards

Tectonic Activities Flashcards

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1
Q

What produces an earthquake?

A

The breaking of rock

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2
Q

What is the cause of earthquakes?

A

Plate movement

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3
Q

What is the Elastic Limit? How does it pertain to earthquakes?

A

The elastic limit is the point of no return. The elastic limit is exceeded when an earthquake is caused.

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4
Q

What is a fault?

A

A fracture in the Earth’s crust

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5
Q

What are the three main fault types?

A

Normal, reverse, and strike-slip

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6
Q

Where does each of the main fault types occur (boundary type)?

A

Normal:divergent
Reverse:convergent
Strike-slip:transform

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7
Q

What type of force is generated at each fault type?

A

Normal:tension
Reverse:compression
Strike-slip:shear

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8
Q

What is a seismic wave and how are they formed?

A

Seismic wave:energy waves

How:released when rock breaks

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9
Q

What is the focus and how does it differ from the epicenter?

A

Focus:point below ground where the rock is breaking

Epicenter is the ground directly above the focus

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10
Q

What are the three types of seismic waves?

A

P-wave, s-wave, surface wave

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11
Q

Where does each type of wave originate?

A

P-wave and S-wave:from the focus

Surface wave:from epicenter

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12
Q

How do the movements of seismic waves compare?

A

P-wave:particles move back and forth in the direction of the wave
S-wave:particles move at right angles to the direction of the wave
Surface:particles move in an elliptical pattern

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13
Q

How does the speed of seismic waves compare?

A

P-wave:fastest
S-wave:second fastest
Surface:slowest

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14
Q

Which seismic wave causes the most damage and why?

A

Surface wave, because it takes the most time to move and elliptical pattern is the most destructive and it’s above the ground.

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15
Q

How is distance determined to an epicenter?

A

Uses the difference in time of primary and secondary waves

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16
Q

Why is it necessary to have at least three stations for triangulation of an epicenter? Why won’t a single station work?

A

The earthquake could be anywhere on the radius of the circle, until you see three or more circles meet up in the same spot.

17
Q

How have seismic waves been used to map the Earth’s interior?

A

Waves speed up and slow down in different parts of the interior, generally move faster through materials that are more dense and slower in materials that are less dense.

18
Q

What is the Shadow Zone?

A

An area on the opposite side of the Earth from the earthquake focus
S-waves disappear from 105-180 degrees because they can’t pass through liquid
P-waves disappear from 105-142 degrees because they are deflected when they pass through liquid outer core

19
Q

What are the two factors that determine the type of eruption?

A
  1. Amount of water vapor and other gases that are trapped in the magma
  2. Type of magma-basaltic or granitic
20
Q

What are the main trapped gases?

A

Water vapor and carbon dioxide

21
Q

Why are gases trapped in magma?

A

Because of surrounding pressure and the type of magma

22
Q

Why is there so much water vapor associated with subduction zones?

A

Because an ocean plate goes under another which causes water vapor, because of the heat

23
Q

What are the two types of magma?

A

Basaltic and granitic

24
Q

How do the magma characteristics vary and how does this affect the type of eruption?

A

Basaltic:contains less silica and causes non-violent eruptions
Granitic:contains high amounts of silica, very thick, causes violent eruptions

25
Q

What are the three types of volcanoes and how is each formed? Where would each type be found?

A

Shield:basaltic lava spreads out in layers-hot spots
Cinder cone:tephra falls to the ground and builds up making a steep-sided, loosely packed cinder cone-convergent boundary
Composite:violent eruptions leave layers of tephra and quiet eruptions leave layers of lava over the tephra-convergent boundary

26
Q

What are the four mountain types and how are they formed? Know examples of each.

A

Folded:rock layers are squeezed from forces on either side
Ex:Appalchians, Himalayas
Upwarped:crust of earth pushed up by internal forces
Example:Rockies, Black Hills, Adirondacks
Fault-block:one block is lifted and the other pulled down
Ex:Grand Terons, Sierra Nevadas
Volcanic:formed when volcanic material reaches the surface and piles up to form a cone
Ex:Cascades, Hawaiian Islands

27
Q

What is an earthquake?

A

Vibrations in the Earth

Earth Science (4 decks)

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