Techtonic Hazards

Question 1

What are the different layers of the Earth?

Answer 1

Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core

Question 2

What are the key characteristics of the Crust?

Answer 2

The thinnest and lowest density layer, two types - continental crust ( thicker 30 - 50km), less dense, made of granite, and oceanic crust ( thinner 7km, denser and made of basalt

Question 3

What are the key characteristics of the mantle?

Answer 3

2900km thick and denser than the crust, the upper mantle is rigid, lower mantle is semi molten and the zone of convection currents

Question 4

What are the key characteristics of the outer Core?

Answer 4

2200 KM deck and made of molten iron and nickel; it is denser than the mantle

Question 5

What are the key characteristics of the inner core?

Answer 5

1260km thick and is made of solid iron and nickel, densest leader because of the immense pressure

Question 6

What are constructive plate margins?

Answer 6

When two plates are diverging above the upward plume of a convection cell

Question 7

What is destructive margin?

Answer 7

When two plates ( oceanic and continental) are converging 

Question 8

What are collision margins

Answer 8

When two plates mad of continental crust Converge

Question 9

What are conservative plate margins?

Answer 9

When two plates move along side to one another in opposite directions are in One Direction

Question 10

What is the Global Distribution Of Earthquakes + Volcanoes like?

Answer 10

Earthquakes are found alone all types of plate margins and shown on this. Volcanoes weather only occurred, constructive and destructive plate margins so therefore it’s unevenly distributed.

Question 11

What is the ring of fire?

Answer 11

Lots of volcanic activity occurs on the Ring of Fire, which is a group of volcanoes that are located along the Pacific plate margin

Question 12

What does focus mean

Answer 12

The point underground, where the plates slip, and from where the seismic waves radiate outwards 

Question 13

What is the epicentre

Answer 13

The points on Earth surface directly above the earthquakes focus ( shaking strongest)

Question 14

What is a seismic wave

Answer 14

Energy waves that radiate out from the focus and close the ground to shake primary waves Stretch and compress the ground, secondary waves, shake it from side to side

Question 15

What is magnitude

Answer 15

Greatness of size strength or importance

Question 16

What is the Richter scale

Answer 16

The amount of energy released and the intensity of shaking

Question 17

Primary Hazard

Answer 17

Direct Consequence of the eruption e.g ash, co2, lava flow

Question 18

Secondary Hazard

Answer 18

An indirect consequence of the eruptions e.g climate change, tsunami

Question 19

What is a magma chamber?

Answer 19

A reservoir of molten rock within the crust - as it rises eruption becomes more likely

Question 20

What is the vent?

Answer 20

The pipe that connects the magma chamber to the crater, the magma rises up the vent before eruption

Question 21

What is the crater?

Answer 21

A depression at the summit of the volcanic cone from which lava, ash and other products are emitted

Question 22

What is the Cone

Answer 22

The volcano itself

Question 23

What are the three reasons for why people live in volcanic areas?

Answer 23

1) Fertile Soil - Easier to grow crops

2) Volcanic landscapes may attract tourists because they are beautiful

3) volcanoes may have spiritual significance in some cultures and are viewed as sacred places

Question 24

What are the 3 physical factors affecting Earthquake impacts?

Answer 24

1) Population Density

2) Distance from Epicentre

3) Geology - impacts are worse in areas with rock

Question 25

What are the 3 human factors affecting Earthquake impacts?

Answer 25

1) time of the day

2) magnitude

3) development

Question 26

What does ‘development mean?

Answer 26

Development is about improving peoples lives and allowing individuals and societies to progress

Question 27

What does poverty mean?

Answer 27

Poverty occurs when people do not have enough money to meet their basic needs e.g. food, water, housing, and access to services (such as healthcare and education).

Absolute poverty occurs when a person lives below a certain threshold, usually considered to be $1 per day

Question 28

What does inequality mean?

Answer 28

When there is a lack of equality

Question 29

What are some development Indicators?

Answer 29

GDP per capita The total amount of money that the country makes a year divided by the country’s population

HDI A measure of life expectancy, mean and years of schooling, and GDP per capita

Question 30

What does the term Development Gap refer to?

Answer 30

The term development gap is the difference between more economically developed countries and less economically developed countries

Question 31

What are the reasons for the development gap?

Answer 31

Industrial Revolution - colonisation From western countries means poorer countries have less resources

Physical features Countries with oil can exploit it and can earn lots of money. Countries with infertile soil can’t grow their own crops

Coastal areas have easy access to trades and places with natural disasters, make it hard to build on without buildings, collapsing

Health and education disease prevents people from contributing to economic growth if there is a higher education and there are higher ideas to help the country 

Question 32

How can the development gap be reduced?

Answer 32

• Aid
• Charity