Techniques general Flashcards
DNA & Genetic Variation Analysis
✅ Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) → Identifies all genetic variations (SNPs, indels, structural variants).
✅ Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) → Detects coding region variants (SNPs, indels).
✅ GWAS (Genome-Wide Association Studies) → Finds SNPs associated with traits/diseases.
✅ QTL Mapping (Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis) → Identifies genomic regions influencing quantitative traits.
✅ PCR & qPCR → Detects specific DNA mutations or gene expression levels.
✅ Sanger Sequencing → Confirms known genetic mutations.
✅ FISH (Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization) → Detects large chromosomal rearrangements.
RNA & Gene Expression Studies
✅ RNA-Seq (Bulk or Single-Cell) → Quantifies gene expression, detects isoforms & splicing changes.
✅ RT-qPCR → Measures gene expression levels for specific targets.
✅ Microarrays → Measures gene expression for thousands of genes at once (less used today).
✅ Northern Blot → Detects specific RNA molecules (less common today).
Chromatin, Epigenetics & Regulatory Elements
✅ ChIP-Seq (Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing) → Identifies transcription factor binding sites & histone modifications.
✅ ATAC-Seq (Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin Sequencing) → Maps open chromatin regions to study regulatory elements.
✅ DNase-Seq & MNase-Seq → Identify accessible chromatin regions and nucleosome positioning.
✅ Bisulfite Sequencing → Measures DNA methylation patterns.
✅ MeDIP-Seq (Methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation Sequencing) → Identifies methylated regions of the genome.
Protein Studies & Functional Analysis
✅ Western Blot → Detects specific proteins in a sample.
✅ Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS, MS/MS, Proteomics) → Identifies & quantifies proteins and post-translational modifications.
✅ ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) → Measures protein concentration in samples.
✅ Co-IP (Co-Immunoprecipitation) → Identifies protein-protein interactions.
✅ Yeast Two-Hybrid (Y2H) → Screens for protein-protein interactions.
Structural & Biophysical Studies
✅ CD Spectroscopy (Circular Dichroism) → Analyzes protein secondary structure.
✅ X-ray Crystallography → Determines atomic structure of proteins.
✅ Cryo-EM (Cryo-Electron Microscopy) → High-resolution protein structure imaging.
✅ NMR Spectroscopy → Studies protein folding & dynamics.
Cell Biology & Functional Assays
✅ Minigene Assay → Tests the effect of mutations on splicing.
✅ Luciferase Reporter Assay → Measures promoter/enhancer activity.
✅ EMSA (Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay) → Studies DNA-protein binding.
✅ FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) → Detects molecular interactions in live cells.
✅ Flow Cytometry → Analyzes cell populations & protein expression on cells.
