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Year 3 The Ageing Brain > Techniques for Investigating the Ageing Brain > Flashcards

Techniques for Investigating the Ageing Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the age-related constrains when using older participants?

A
  • Timing: Longer experimental sessions
  • Can your participants lie flat?
  • Can they stay seated for long periods of time?
  • Will they struggle to get in/out of low chairs?
  • Do they have implants (e.g. metal joints)
  • Are they taking any medication that will interfere with the aspects of neurobiology we’re interested in?
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2
Q

What are the different types of methods we have to work with: Neuroimaging

A
  • Positron Emmission Tomography (PET)
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI)
  • Functional MRI (fMRI)
  • MAgnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)
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3
Q

What are the different types of methods we have to work with: Electrophysiology

A
  • Electroencephalography (EEG)

- Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

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4
Q

What are the different types of methods we have to work with: Brain Stimulation

A
  • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

- Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES e.g. tDCS, tRNS, tACS)

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5
Q

What does Positron Emission Tomography (PET) measure?

A

Metabolism/energy consumption

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6
Q

What are the strengths of Positron Emission Tomography (PET)?

A
  • Insight into chemical functioning

- Detection of certain proteins which can give us clinical applications

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7
Q

What are the weaknesses of Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A
  • Expensive and invasive

- Spatial and temporal resolution is bad

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8
Q

What does magnetic resonance imagine (MRI) measure?

A

Volume of brain tissue (grey matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid)

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9
Q

What are the strengths of magnetic resonance imagine (MRI)?

A
  • Non-invasive
  • Spatial resolution is good
  • Shows age-related structural change well
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10
Q

What are the weaknesses of magnetic resonance imagine (MRI)?

A
  • Lack of temporal information

- Lack of insight into age-related functional change

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11
Q

What does diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) measure?

A

Status of axonal fibres/neural pathways

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12
Q

What are the strengths of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI)?

A
  • Multiple measures of white matter integrity e.g. fractional anisotropy
  • Perspectives on processing speed/structural connectivity
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13
Q

What are the weaknesses of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI)?

A
  • Highly specialised, complex analysis
  • Not a direct measure of myelin
  • Issue of crossing fibres
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14
Q

What does fMRI measure?

A
  • Oxygen consumption

- Blood Oxygen Dependent Signal (BOLD)

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15
Q

What are the strengths of fMRI?

A
  • Shows age-related changes in brain activity

- Functional connectivity: task specific networks, resting state (DMN)

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16
Q

What are the weaknesses of fMRI?

A
  • Temporal resolution is bad (speed of haemodynamic response function; hrf)
  • Lack of causation
17
Q

What does MR spectroscopy (MRS) measure?

A

Amount of neurotransmitters (e.g. GABA)

18
Q

What are the strengths of MR spectroscopy?

A
  • In vivo quantification
19
Q

What are the weaknesses with MR spectroscopy?

A
  • Complex acquisition

- Undetermined relation to synaptic activity

20
Q

What does electroencephalography (EEG) measure?

A

Event-related potentials/brain oscillations

21
Q

What are the strengths of electroencephalography (EEG)

A
  • Direct relationship to neuronal activity
  • Temporal resolution
  • Less susceptible to motion artefacts (than fMRI)
22
Q

What are the weaknesses of electroencephalography (EEG?

A
  • Lack of structural image

- Spatial resolution is bad (particularly sub-cortical)

23
Q

What does magnetoencephalography (MEG) measure?

A
  • Evoked fields

- Brain oscillations

24
Q

What are the strengths of magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A
  • Direct relationship to neuronal activity
  • Temporal resolution
  • Lack of volume conduction (compared to EEG)
25
Q

What are the weaknesses of magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A
  • Spatial resolution (but better than EEG)

- Lack of structural image

26
Q

What does transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measure?

A

Nothing, it influences the way the brain behaves

27
Q

What are the strengths of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A
  • Causal inference

- Temporal resolution (particularly ‘online’ single pulse methods)

28
Q

What are the weaknesses of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A
  • Cortical regions only
  • Unknown effects beyond hypotheses
  • Blinding/’Sham’ options
29
Q

What does transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) measure?

A

Nothing, it influences the way the brain behaves

30
Q

What are the strengths of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) measure

A
  • Causal inference
  • Altering plasticity
  • Blinding/’Sham”
31
Q

What are the weaknesses of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) measure

A
  • Restricted to superficial/cortical regions
  • Unknown current pathway
  • Focality

Year 3 The Ageing Brain (7 decks)

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