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Product Design > Technical Principles > Flashcards

Technical Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What’s compressive strength?

A

The ability to withstand being crushed or shortened by pushing forces.

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2
Q

What’s tensile strength?

A

The ability to resist stretching or pulling forces

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3
Q

What’s bending strength?

A

The ability to resist forces that may bend the material

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4
Q

What’s shear strength?

A

The ability to resist sliding forces on a parallel plane.

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5
Q

What’s torsional strength?

A

The ability to resist twisting forces from applied torsion

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6
Q

What’s hardness

A

The ability to resist abrasive wear, such as scratching or surface indentation

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7
Q

What’s toughness

A

The ability to absorb impact force without fracture

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8
Q

What’s plasticity

A

The ability to be permanently deformed and retain the deformed shape

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9
Q

What’s ductility

A

That ability to be drawn out under tension, without cracking

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10
Q

What’s malleability

A

The ability to withstand deformation by compression without cracking

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11
Q

What’s elasticity

A

The ability to be deformed and return to the original shape when the force is removed

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12
Q

What’s the density of a material?

A

The mass of the material in a standard volume of space.

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13
Q

What’s fusibility?

A

The ability of a material to be fused or converted to a solid to liquid/molten state.

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14
Q

What’s magnetism?

A

The natural force of an object that causes the material to attract iron or steel

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15
Q

What’s corrosion/degradation resistance?

A

The ability of the material to withstand environmental attack or decay

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16
Q

What’s an electrical conductor?

A

Something that allows the flow of electrical current through the material.

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17
Q

What’s an electrical insulator?

A

Something that doesn’t allow the flow of electricity through the material

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18
Q

What’s a thermal conductor?

A

Something that allows the transfer of heat energy through a material.

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19
Q

What’s a thermal insulator?

A

Something that prevents the transfer of heat through a material

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20
Q

What’s thermal expansion?

A

The increased in material volume in response to heat input

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21
Q

What’s the definition of opaque?

A

Prevents light from travelling through

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22
Q

What’s does it mean when something is translucent?

A

It allows light through but diffuses the light so objects appear blurred

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23
Q

What’s does it mean when something is transparent?

A

It allows light to pass through easily, so you can see clearly through the material

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24
Q

What are mechanical properties?

A

Properties associated with how a product reacts to an external force

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25
Q

What’s a physical property

A

Properties associated with the actual make-up or structure of the material

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26
Q

What are the 3 types of metal classifications?

A
  • Ferrous
  • non-ferrous
  • alloy
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27
Q

What’s a ferrous metal?

A

A metal containing mostly iron and carbon.
- are magnetic and will rust

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28
Q

What are some examples of ferrous metals?

A
  • low carbon steel
  • medium carbon steel
  • cast iron
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29
Q

What’s a non-ferrous metal?

A

A metal that doesn’t contain iron.
- not magnetic and don’t rust

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30
Q

What are some non-ferrous metals?

A
  • aluminium
  • copper
  • zinc
  • silver
  • gold
  • titanium
  • tin
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31
Q

What’s an alloy?

A

A metal made up of two or more metals, or combined two or more elements, one of which must be a metal.
- they can be ferrous or non-ferrous

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32
Q

What are some example of alloys?
Ferrous and non-ferrous

A

Ferrous
– stainless steel, die steel

Non-ferrous
– bronze, brass, duralumin, pewter

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33
Q

What’s a hard wood?

A

A wood from broad-leafed trees (deciduous)
- slow growing and loose leaves in autumn

34
Q

What’s a softwood?

A

A wood from a coniferous tree (cone bearing)
- fast growing and evergreen

35
Q

What’s manufactured board?

A

A man-made wood-based composite material

36
Q

What’s are some examples of a hardwood?

A

Oak, ash, mahogany, teak, birch, beech

37
Q

What are some examples of soft woods?

A

Pine, spruce, Douglas fir, redwood, cedar, larch

38
Q

What are some examples of manufactured board?

A

Plywood, marine plywood, aeroply, chipboard, MDF

39
Q

What’s a thermoplastic?

A

A material that can be repeatedly reheated and reshaped, allowing it to be recycled
- have longer linear chain molecules

40
Q

What’s a thermosetting polymer?

A

A material that when heated undergoes a chemical change, whereby the molecules form rigid cross links
Can’t be reshaped and reheated

41
Q

What’s an elastomer?

A

A material which at room temperature can be deformed under pressure then upon release, will return to its original shape
- have weak bonds that allow them to stretch

42
Q

What are some examples of thermoplastics?

A
  • low density polyethylene (LDPE)
  • High density polyethylene (HDPE)
  • polypropylene (PP)
  • high impact polystyrene (HIPS)
  • acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)
  • polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)
  • polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
  • nylon
  • PVC
43
Q

What are some examples of thermosetting polymers?

A
  • urea formaldehyde (UF)
  • melamine formaldehyde (MF)
  • polyester resin
  • epoxy resin
44
Q

What are some examples of elastomers?

A
  • natural rubber
  • polybutadiene
  • neoprene
  • silicone
45
Q

What are some examples of papers and boards?

A

-layout paper
-cartridge paper
-tracing paper
-bleed proof paper
-treated paper
-watercolour paper
-corrugated card
-bleached card
-mount board
-duplex card
-foil backed and laminated card

46
Q

What is a composite?

A

A material comprised of two or more different materials, resulting in a material with enhanced properties

47
Q

What are some examples of composites?

A
  • carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP)
  • glass fibre reinforced plastic (GRP)
  • tudsten carbide
  • aluminium composite board
  • concrete
  • fibre cement
  • engineered wood
48
Q

What’s a smart material?

A

A material whose physical properties change in response to an input or change in the environment

49
Q

What are some examples of a smart material?

A
  • shape memory alloys (SMA)
  • thermochromatic pigment
  • phosphorescent pigment
  • photochromic pigment
50
Q

What’s a modern material?

A

A material developed through the invention of new or improved processes
- they aren’t smart as they don’t react to external change

51
Q

What are some examples of modern materials?

A
  • Kevlar
  • precious metal clay (PMC)
  • high density modelling foam, polymorph
52
Q

What’s the simple workshop test for toughness?

A

Place the material in a vice and hit it with a hammer
Tough materials will absorb the impact and brittle materials will bend or shatter

53
Q

What’s the simple workshop test for hardness?

A

The material is tested using a dot punch and the force of the hammer, then look at the size of the indent produced

54
Q

What’s the simple workshop test for malleability and ductility?

A

Sample material placed in a vice and bent at 90º
- cracks on the outside indicate a lack of ductility
- cracks on the inside indicate a lack of malleability

55
Q

What’s the simple workshop test for tensile strength?

A

The material is clamped then force is gradually put on it, and the extension is measured

56
Q

How do you test for corrosion?

A
  • place equal size material samples outside in an area exposed to the effects of weather and leave for a set length of time
  • materials can then be visually inspected for surface corrosion
57
Q

How do you test for electrical conductivity?

A
  • collect material samples of the same dimension and mark a set distance to place the multimeter probes
  • Measure the resistance on the multimeter
    - the higher the resistance, the lower the conductivity
58
Q

What’s the test for thermal conductivity?

A
  • collect material samples of the same dimensions
  • measure a set distance from one end of the material and place a thermometer there
  • light a Bunsen burner under the other end of the material
  • record the time it takes for the temperature to reach the set point at the other end of the material
    - the shorter the time it takes, the higher the thermal conductivity of the material
59
Q

What’s the difference between simple workshop tests and industrial tests?

A

Simple workshop tests use basic tools and equipment, when industrial test are usually carried out in labs with specific testing machinery, using standardised test pieces of materials

60
Q

What is the industrial test for tensile strength?

A
  • using a tensometer machine
  • the standard test piece is held in a clamp at each end
  • one clamp is fixed and the other moves on a worm drive gear mechanism, putting the material under tension
  • the test material is stretched, the load and distance travelled is plotted, giving information on the elastic limit, yield point, maximum load and final breaking point after ‘necking’
61
Q

What is the industrial test for toughness?

A
  • the izon impact test
  • a notched test piece is held vertically in the vice of the machine
  • a pendulum is released from a set position and swings to strike the seat piece
  • the energy absorbed by the test piece is calculated from the height the pendulum swings to after it hits the test piece
  • the material that absorbs the most impact is the toughest and gives the les pendulum swing
  • brittle material absorbs less energy and the pendulum swings further
62
Q

What is the industrial test for toughness?

A
  • the izon impact test
  • a notched test piece is held vertically in the vice of the machine
  • a pendulum is released from a set position and swings to strike the seat piece
  • the energy absorbed by the test piece is calculated from the height the pendulum swings to after it hits the test piece
  • the material that absorbs the most impact is the toughest and gives the les pendulum swing
  • brittle material absorbs less energy and the pendulum swings further
63
Q

What are the 3 types of industrial tests used to test the hardness of a material?
What do they all involve?

A
  • Rockwell test
  • brinell test
  • vickers pyramid test
    All involve a load being applied to a material with the resultant indentation determining the hardness of the material
    - the smaller the indentation the harder the material
64
Q

What is the industrial test on the hardness of a product?
What are the 2 standard methods?

A

Non-destructive testing (NDT)
- used to find defects in the material of a product

  1. Ultrasonic – sound waves are pulsed into the material, different sounds indicate faults
  2. X-ray – an x-ray beam passes through the material and an image is projected on to a display screen, allowing the observation of tiny details such as a hairline crack in the material
65
Q

What is the Rockwell test?

A

One of the tests for hardness
• preload applied to the material sample using a diamond indenter, which breaks through just the surface of the material
• diamond is used so that it doesn’t deform under load
• preload is the datum or zero reference position
• an additional load is then applied to the test material and held for a predetermined length of time (dwell time)
• the load is released and the distance between the preload and the applied load is measured

66
Q

What is the brinell test?

A

A test for hardness
• a hardened standard size steel ball is forced into the materials surface using a pre-set load
• the diameter of the indent in the surface is measured

67
Q

What is the vickers pyramid test?

A

A test for hardness
• used for very hard materials
• uses a diamond square-based pyramid to indent the surface of the material
• a microscope is used to measure the size of the indent

68
Q

What is the industrial test for malleability and ductility?

A

Band test
- tests how well a material withstands cracking during one continuous bend
•the test piece is placed into a bending machine and held, supported at the ends
•a mandrel or plunger loads the test piece at the centre and bends it to a predetermined angle or until the test piece fractures. The material is then inspected
• cracks on the outer bend indicate the level ductility.
- a ductile material will have a lot of plastic deformation prior to failure
• cracks on the inside of the bend will indicate the level of malleability

69
Q

What’s the industrial test for corrosion?

A

Material samples of equal size would be placed into the simulated weather environment and left for a set length of time
Materials can then be inspected foe surface surface corrosion

70
Q

What’s the industrial test for electrical conductivity?

A

Collect material samples of the same dimensions
- on the top surface, mark a set distance at each end
- place a multimeter probe on each mark
- measure the resistance
- the higher the resistance, the lower the conductivity

71
Q

What’s the industrial test for thermal conductivity?

A
  • a square shaped material test piece is placed between two temperature controlled plates
  • the temperature is increased at a controlled rate and the heat flow through the material is measured by the heat flow sensors placed on the surface of the material.
  • as the material is heated to a specific temperature, the sensors measure and record the rate of thermal conductivity
72
Q

What is paper thickness measured in?

A

Grams per square metre (gsm)

73
Q

What re 6 different types of paper?

A
  • layout paper
  • bleed proof paper
  • treated paper
  • cartridge paper
  • partridge paper
  • water colour paper
74
Q

What are what are 6 types of card/board?

A
  • corrugated card
  • duplex card
  • mount board
  • bleached card
  • foil back and laminated card
  • metal effect card
75
Q

What is moulded paper pulp?

A

Recycled paper pulp moulded when wet and dried to a specific shape

76
Q

What are the characteristics of treated paper?

A

Plain paper with a clear binder or dye layer applied to help hold the image on the paper surface

77
Q

What are the characteristics of mount board?

A

Made form compressed cotton fibres to produce a rigid board

78
Q

What are the characteristics of bleached card?

A

Chemically treated to brighten the surface to make it suitable for high-quality printing

79
Q

What is a compliment material?

A

A material that can be scored, folded and cut with basic tooling to form items such as nets for packaging

80
Q

What is foil-backed and laminated card?

A

Card with polymer film or foil applied to provide a water-resistant/heat insulating layer

81
Q

What is metal effect card?

A

High-quality card, often used for gift boxes, which has a thin metal-effect layer applied to the outer surface for enhanced aesthetics

82
Q

What are 8 types of polymer-based sheet and films?

A
  • foam board
  • fluted PP sheet
  • styrofoam
  • low density polyethylene (LDPE) sheet
  • plastazote foam
  • cellulose acetate
  • polylactide

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