Technical Prep Flashcards
Briefing Style
Threats (PM, PF) -Personal -Environmental -Technical Plan -Taxi, Dept. Rwy -Route (Clearance) -Return (Emerg., TO alt) -Performance, Config Considerations -Any specific duties -Other Considerations
Reciprocal Headings 195 323 262 191 84 357 111 179 152
15 143 82 11 264 177 291 359 332
Celsius to Fahrenheit
15 C
30 C
40 C
23 C
Formula
[(degC x 2)-10%]+32
59 F
86 F
104 F
73.4 F
Fahrenheit to Celsius 32 F 59 F 86 F 104 F 110 F 23 F 11 F
Formula
[(degF-32)+10%]/2
0 C 15 C 30 C 40 C 43 C -5 C -11
What is a standard climb?
Standard IFR climb gradient is 200 feet per nautical mile.
What are the standard holding speeds?
0-6000 Feet: 200 KIAS
6001-14000 Feet: 230 KIAS
Above 14001 Feet: 265 KIAS
What is the difference between flyby and flyover waypoints?
Fly-by waypoints: Fly-by waypoints are used when an aircraft should begin a turn to the next course prior to reaching the waypoint separating the two route segments. This is known as turn anticipation.
Fly-over waypoints: Fly-over waypoints are used when the aircraft must fly over the point prior to starting a turn.
Fly Over is Circled on the chart
What is the reciprocal of 266?
86
Dumping fuel at 1500pounds/hour, how long to dump 16500 pounds?
11 Hours
How long to travel 90nm, with 190TAS and 60kts headwind?
solve as a proportion. 190-60= 130 knots groundspeed 130kts/60min = 90nm/X 90 x 60 divided by 130 = X 41.5 min
When should you start down from FL350 to cross fix at 12,000ft
3:1 Rule
69 Miles
No published hold on the missed, what entry, speed, leg length would you use?
Right turns.
0 to 6000’ 200knots, 6-14000 230 knots, above 14k 265 knots.
Below 14000’ 1 min, above 14k; 1.5 min legs.
What is an MSA?
The Minimum Sector Altitude (MSA) is the lowest altitude which may be used which will provide a minimum clearance of 300 m (1 000 ft) above all objects located in the area contained within a sector of a circle of 46 km (25 NM) radius centered on a radio aid to navigation.
What is an MEA?
The minimum en-route altitude (MEA) is the altitude for an en-route segment that provides adequate reception of relevant navigation facilities and ATS communications, complies with the airspace structure and provides the required obstacle clearance.
Put simply, the MEA is the lowest altitude to be flown in an airspace structure which assures:
- Reception of navigation aids necessary to navigate accurately along the required route.
- Two-way communication with air traffic control.
- Safe clearance from obstacles within the sector.
- conformity with any air traffic control procedures applicable within the sector.
**Provides 1000’ of obstacle clearance within 4 NM either side of the airway centerline in non mountainous areas
***Provides 2000’ of obstacle clearance within 4 NM either side of the airway centerline in mountainous areas
What is a MOCA?
Minimum Obstacle Clearance Altitude
The lowest published altitude in effect between radio fixes on VOR airways, off airway routes, or route segments that meet obstacle clearance requirements for the entire route segment. This altitude assures acceptable navigation signal coverage within 22 NM of a VOR.
What is a TAA?
Terminal Arrival Altitude is the lowest altitude that will provide a minimum clearance of 300 m (1 000 ft) above all objects located in an arc of a circle defined by a 46 km (25 NM) radius centred on the initial approach fix (IAF), or where there is no IAF on the intermediate approach fix (IF), delimited by straight lines joining the extremity of the arc to the IF. The combined TAAs associated with an approach procedure shall account for an area of 360 degrees around the IF.
From approach plate, what is the number inside the “()” brackets beside DA.
DH: Decision Height
This is measured in AGL while a DA (Decision Altitude) is measured in MSL.
Define MEA and a MOCA?
MEA provides 2 way ATC communication and NavAid coverage within the entire route section. It also provides obstacle clearance (1000’ non mountainous/2000’ mountainous). MEA is the first number shown on the airway.
MOCA
Provides obstacle clearance (1000’/2000’) while only providing nav signal within 22 miles of VOR
When would you want two alternates?
Destination and first alternate marginal weather conditions. Or 3585 exemption used, two alternates needed.
- *A second alternate is required (FAR 121.619) when the weather conditions forecast for the destination and first alternate are “marginal”.
**Exemption 3585 requires the use of two alternates
Why is localizer more sensitive on a back-course? On a back course approach, why do we put in the front course
We put in the front course to account to reverse sensing. Sensitivity is greater because the localizer antenna is closer to the airplane during a back course.
What is an OROCA?
Off Route Obstruction Clearance Altitude
Provides obstruction clearance with a 1000’ buffer in non mountainous terrain and 2000’ in mountainous terrain. This altitude may not provide signal coverage from ground based navigation aid, air traffic control radar, or communications coverage.
When is an alternate required?
1, 2, 3 Rule
Within one hour before and one hour after ETA, the ceiling is below 2000 feet, and 3 statute miles.
What are the requirements for a takeoff alternate?
Aircraft having two engines: Not more than one hour from the departure airport at normal cruising speed in still air with one engine inoperative.
When would you need a takeoff alternate?
Weather below landing minimums at departure airport.
When do you have to stop at an ILS hold line?
When requested by ATC or (weather below 800’ ceiling or 2SM vis {verify answer])
What is tower’s NORDO light gun signal to be cleared to land?
Steady Green
What are the lost comm. procedures?
*Squawk 7600
*Look at the SID/STAR for a lost comms procedure box
*Route [in this order]
Assigned
Vector
Expected
Filed
*Altitude [Whichever is highest]
MEA
Expected
Assigned
What are IFR fuel requirements? (domestic operation)
Fly to the destination, then the most distant alternate and then for 45 minutes at normal cruise speed.
Explain how a pitot static system works
The pitot-static system of instruments uses the principle of air pressure gradient. It works by measuring pressures or pressure differences and using these values to assess the speed and altitude.[1] These pressures can be measured either from the static port (static pressure) or the pitot tube (pitot pressure). The static pressure is used in all measurements, while the pitot pressure is used only to determine airspeed.
What does PJE mean in the NOTAMS?
Parachute Jumping Exercises
What is a Grid MORA?
GRID MORA provides terrain and man-made structure clearance within the section outlined by latitude and longitude lines. The Grid MORA value clears all terrain and man-made structures by 1000ft in areas where the highest elevations are 5000ft MSL or lower and by 2000ft in areas where the highest elevations are 5001ft MSL or higher.
What do you need when given a vector off a SID/STAR?
- Heading
- Altitude
- Speed (if necessary)
- Expect to Resume (SID, STAR, etc.) At (NAVAID, FIX, Waypoint)
What speed to hold at given a waypoint on the arrival?
0-6000 200KIAS
6001-14000 230 KIAS
14001 and Above 265 KIAS
What do you do with a low fuel hold clearance?
Declare Min or Emergency Fuel
Min Fuel is about 6000 lbs
Emergency Fuel is 4500 lbs (45 minutes)
What do you do when you’re pulled off a SID with a climb via clearance?
You are no longer bound by the lateral or vertical SID restrictions and must query ATC for your altitude clearance if not provided.
What does ARP mean on airport diagram?
The Airport Reference Point (ARP) is the approximate geometric center of all usable runways
At what RVR does low visibility taxi procedures commence for KDEN?
SMGCS go into effect below 1200 RVR. Check applicable charts as they have different ones (DEN has ones for 500)
Hold on the arrival. How long can we hold before we need to divert to our alternate? (What is your ‘bingo’ fuel?)
BAR Method: Burn Alternate Reserve = BINGO Fuel
Minimum Vectoring Altitude
The lowest MSL altitude at which an IFR aircraft will be vectored by a radar controller. This altitude meets IFR obstacle clearance criteria. This may be lower than the published MEA along an airway.
When can a MVA be used by ATC?
Upon the controller’s determination that an adequate radar return is being received by the aircraft being controlled
On the ILS Cat I approach, outside the final fix, visibility drops below minimums, what do you do?
You must go around, you cannot shoot the approach.
Inside the final approach fix the visibility drops to below minimums, what do you do?
You can continue the approach
Can you land if it drops below minimums once inside the final fix?
Yes, assuming at least one of the following visual references for the intended runway is distinctly visible and identifiable to the pilot:
(i) The approach light system, except that the pilot may not descend below 100 feet above the touchdown zone elevation using the approach lights as a reference unless the red terminating bars or the red side row bars are also distinctly visible and identifiable.
(ii) The threshold.
(iii) The threshold markings.
(iv) The threshold lights.
(v) The runway end identifier lights.
(vi) The visual approach slope indicator.
(vii) The touchdown zone or touchdown zone markings.
(viii) The touchdown zone lights.
(ix) The runway or runway markings.
(x) The runway lights;
What is your airspeed if you are vectored off of a SID?
If you are vectored off of a SID or STAR speed is pilots discretion unless advised by ATC
What are your go-around call outs?
- GO AROUND FLAPS 15
- POSITIVE RATE–GEAR UP
- 400 Feet–LNAV or HEADING SELECT
- 1000 Feet Speed Up, Clean Up, Level Change
RVR Conversions:
1/4 Statute Mile
1,600 ft
RVR Conversions:
1/2 Statute Mile
2,400 ft
RVR Conversions:
3/4 Statute Mile
4,000 ft
RVR Conversions:
1 Statute Mile
5,000 ft
RVR Conversions:
1 1/4 Statute Mile
6,000 ft
RVR Conversions:
6,000 ft
1 1/4 Statute Mile
RVR Conversions:
5,000 ft
1 Statute Mile
RVR Conversions:
4,000 ft
3/4 Statute Mile
RVR Conversions:
2,400 ft
1/2 Statute Mile
RVR Conversions:
1,600 ft
1/4 Statute Mile
What do you do if you lost radio communication while on the STAR? What Squawk code would you enter in the transponder?
Squawk 7600
Look for lost comms notes on the STAR
What would you do if you were enroute EWR-IAD and experienced dual fuel filter clogs?
Fly the plane, designate who is running the QRH.
What is the lowest altitude ATC can vector you down to?
MVA
Where can you find MSA on a SID?
There is a magenta circular ring around a reference point (airport, runway, or navaid) with a magenta number within this circle
What is your rejected takeoff criteria?
I will reject for anything prior to 80 knots. After 80 knots and prior to V1 I will reject for engine failure, any fire, predictive windshear, or if the aircraft is unsafe or unable to fly. After V1 we will treat it as an inflight emergency and fly the engine out procedure.
What is the magenta ring on the top of the chart?
MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE: Lowest altitude which may be used and provides a minimum clearance of 1,000 feet above all objects located in the area contained within a sector of a circle of 25 NM radius centered on a radio navigation aid
When you’re vectored off of a SID/STAR what altitude should be set?
Whatever altitude that was assigned by ATC
Normal Field Length for Takeoff & Landing
6000 Feet
Minimum Runway Required for Landing
5000
Normal Fuel Burn at Cruise
6000 lbs per hour or 100 lbs per minute
Minimum Landing Fuel for Dispatch Planning
6000 lbs (FAR minimum of 45 minutes + 15 minutes of extra)
Maximum Endurance Speed
210 Knots at 10,000 MSL
Define CRM
Crew Resource Management (CRM) enhances a critical set of observable interpersonal human behaviors that go beyond technical stick and rudder skills. CRM augments technical expertise to create a more productive, safe crew environment. CRM focuses on the behavioral skills used to effectively communicate and manage resources.
“A management system which makes optimum use of all available resources (equipment, procedures and people) to promote safety and enhance the efficiency of flight operations” – Definition by the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority.
CRM is used by flight crew (and others in a safety critical role within aviation) to enhance the safety of every flight. It promotes the use of non-technical skills, like teamwork and decision making to ensure sound situational awareness and problem solving and promotes threat and error management.
Define Threat and Error Management
Threat and Error Management (TEM) refers to the process of managing
operational threats and human errors. Threat management reduces the potential
for pilot error, while error management mitigates the negative consequences of
errors. These combined techniques are known as threat and error management,
or TEM. TEM promotes vigilance versus complacency by implementing an active,
continuous process of identifying and preparing for threats and identifying and
repairing errors at the earliest opportunity
Explain this diagram
Explain the diagram.CRM/TEM is represented in the CRM/TEM model
on the left. Safe Operations is depicted at the top
of the model and represents the desired operating
environment. As a crew encounters operational
threats or human error, there is a potential to move
away from the safe operations area. If the trend
continues, the result may be an incident or
accident. Effective application of CRM/TEM skills
creates a pathway from an incident/accident and
will turn a divergent trend back to safe operations.
The response to threats, errors, and UAS is in the
pathway to the right of each condition, showing the
effect each has in moving the flight away from an
incident/accident towards safe operations. Implied
and imbedded in the arrow are the seven CRM
skills.
Explain this diagram
The debrief process guides a crew
discussion by asking a set of three simple
yet discoverable questions. All pilots at
United are expected to embrace and
employ the concepts and SOPs of
CRM/TEM as defined in the United Flight
Operations Manual. Each crew is evaluated
during all line operations and training
events to determine CRM/TEM proficiency
Runway Lighting:
When do centerline lights change colors?
Runway centerline lights are white until the last 3,000 feet of the runway. The white lights begin to alternate with red for the next 2,000 feet, and for the last 1,000 feet of the runway, all centerline lights are red.
When do the runway edge lights turn color? What color and how far from the edge of the runway.
Runway edge lights are white, until you start getting close to the departure end of the runway. On instrument runways, edge lights are yellow on the last 2,000’, or half the runway length, whichever is less.
What are the seven CRM/TEM skills?
- Planning and Decision Making
- Leadership Effectiveness
- Situational Awareness
- Communication
- Monitor/Cross-Check
- Workload Management
- Automation Management
IFR Altitude Directions: Eastbound (0-179)
Odd Thousands
IFR Altitude Directions: Westbound (180-359)
Even Thousands
What is your windshear escape maneuver?
- Disengage autopilot
- Push TO/GA
- Aggressively apply Maximum Thrust
- Disengage autothrottle
- Simultaneously roll wings level and rotate towards 15 degrees
- Retract speedbrakes
- Follow flight director TO/GA guidance (if available)
What is your GPWS terrain response maneuver?
- Disengage autopilot
- Disengage autothrottle
- Aggressively apply maximum thrust
- Simultaneously roll wings level and rotate to a pitch of 20 degrees.
- Retract speedbrakes
- If terrain is still a threat, pitch up to the PLI’s
What is your rejected takeoff procedure?
- Close thrust levers
- Disengage autothrottle
- Verity RTO breaking
- Raise Speed Break
- Apply reverse thrust
United Core 4
Safety, Caring, Dependable, Efficient
Crew Debrief
What went well -> Why?
What could have gone better? -> Why?
What will we do next time?
