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Endeavor Air > Technical > Flashcards

Technical Flashcards

1
Q

What is viscous hydroplaning?

A

Hydroplaning that required a very smooth surface (new pavement, rubber coated pavement). Thin layer of water, low tire speed

Anything more than gentle braking can cause tires to lock

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2
Q

Max speed in class C within 4nm from an airport?

A

200kts

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3
Q

What is your clearance limit when cleared for the approach and then you lose comms?

A

Clearance limit does not change it is still destination airport

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4
Q

What is Mach tuck?

A

Mach tuck is the nose down pitching movement an aircraft experiences as the wing reaches supersonic speeds

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5
Q

What is most dangerous type of precip?

A

Supercooled water droplets

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6
Q

What is the width and navigation coverage of the MOCA?

A

4nm each side of centerline

Obstacle clearance

navigation only up to 22nm of the VOR

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7
Q

Define V1

A

Takeoff decision speed

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8
Q

What is CRM?

A

Crew Resource Management

Using the skills, judgements, and strengths of all cabin, cockpit personnel, ATC and all other available resources to achieve safe flight and efficient operations

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9
Q

When is ILS critical area in effect?

A

When instrument approaches are being conducted and the vis is 2 miles or less and/or ceiling 800 feet or less

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10
Q

Runway edge lights are what color? (End of runway)

A

White. Except on instrument runways where amber replaces white with the last 2,000ft or half the runway length whichever is less

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11
Q

What does pressing the fire button do?

A

Activates shut off valves for fuel and hydraulics, trips generator relay, arms fire bottles

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12
Q

What is max takeoff weight? CRJ 900 & 700

A

CRJ 900 - 84,500

CRJ 700 - 75,000

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13
Q

What would you do if you hear a loud bang and lose power after v1 with over half an 11,000ft runway left?

A

Continue takeoff and treat it as in air emergency

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14
Q

What while you do if Captain continued below minimums?

A

If nothing in sight, call the missed approach so he has to go around

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15
Q

What is exemption 3585?

A

Allows operation when forecasts conditional remarks (BCMG, PROBXX, TEMPO) are below dispatch minimums

Main body of forecast must be above dispatch minimums

Other requirements are a second alternate

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16
Q

Centerline lights are what colors?

A

White with the last 3,000’ alternating red and white and last 1,000’ they are red

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17
Q

How do you counteract Dutch roll?

A

Yaw damper or opposite control inputs to counteract

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18
Q

What type of aircraft is susceptible to Dutch roll?

A

Swept wing

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19
Q

Where would you find the T/O minimums ?

A

Typically in the back of airport diagram in Jep charts

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20
Q

What is TDZE?

A

Highest point of first 3,000’ of runway

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21
Q

Which type of ice is most dangerous and why?

A

Clear ice because it can often form well beyond the protected area or the wing

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22
Q

Types of de-icing/anti-icing fluids?

A

Type I - de ice

Type IV - anti ice

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23
Q

Swept wing advantages

A

Wing sweep allows a faster airfoil speed before critical Mach is reached compared to a straight wing

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24
Q

Swept wing stall characteristics?

A

Tendency to stall tip first due to strong spanwise flow at high angles of attack

This can cause a pitch up at the stall as the CP moves forwards and in

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25
Q

What is critical Mach?

A

It is the lowest Mach number at which airflow over some point on the aircraft reaches the speed of sound

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26
Q

Why doesn’t stall speed increase with altitude?

A

Your TAS will increase as altitude increases

Stall speed based on your IAS will stay the same

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27
Q

VMC decreases with altitude

A

As altitude increases, performance on the operative engine (normally aspirated) decreases, eventually VMC and stall speed will converge

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28
Q

What is low speed buffet?

A

Caused by airflow separation as the aircraft approaches the stall angle of attack

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29
Q

What is high speed buffet?

A

Caused by airflow separation from the wings as occurs behind a shockwave at high altitudes and/or Mach numbers

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30
Q

What is V2?

A

Takeoff safety speed: minimum speed that needs to be maintained up to acceleration altitude, in the event of engine failure after v1

Flight at v2 ensures that the minimum required climb gradient is achieved, and that the aircraft is controllable

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31
Q

Minimum altitude for turbine aircraft to enter traffic pattern in Class D?

A

1,500’ AGL

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32
Q

Can intercepting the glide slope at any altitude be considered the FAF?

A

The FAF on an ILS approach is the published glide slope intercept altitude. When ATC assigns lower than a published altitude for glide slope intercept, the new FAF is the glide slope intercept

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33
Q

What is holdover time?

A

The estimated time for which anti icing fluid will prevent the formation of frost or ice and accumulation of snow on an airplane

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34
Q

When does holdover time start?

A

It starts at the beginning of the anti ice operation. If a two step operation is used, it begins at the start of the final anti icing step

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35
Q

Understand RVR, when it is reported, when is it controlling (approach plate)

A

RVR is only reported at airports that have RVR sensing equipment, when the visibility is 1 statue mile or less, or when RVR for an instrument runway is 6,000 feet or less

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36
Q

What are effects of ice on a wing?

A

Reduces stall angle, reduced maximum lift capability, increased stall speed, increased drag, reduced lift

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37
Q

What would you do if your destination airport closed and you hadn’t filed an alternate (good weather) ?

A

Talk to crew members, dispatch, ATC, to get a better idea of what to do. Using CRM. Be honest to passengers

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38
Q

What is carb ice?

A

Rapid pressure change in the carburetor Venturi. Moisture of fuel vaporization freezes inside the carburetor

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39
Q

What is a VFR corridor?

A

An area where VFR traffic is allowed without ATC communications surrounded on 4 sides by class B airspace

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40
Q

What is ground effect?

A

Decreasing of induced drag due to close proximity (one wingspan) of the ground. The vortices cannot reach the top of the wing due to the ground interfering with them

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41
Q

Explain what Alternating Current is ?

A

AC is an electric current in which the flow of the electric charge periodically reverses direction

DC only flows in one direction

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42
Q

Speed limit in Class A?

A

Mach 1 or speed of sound

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43
Q

Cons for an airplane without dihedral?

A

Lack of stability on the longitudinal axis

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44
Q

What type of fire extinguisher do you have on board your aircraft?

A

Small HALON fire extinguisher

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45
Q

How much runway remains when runway side lights turn yellow?

A

2,000ft or last half of runway whichever is less

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46
Q

What if the DME is out of service on an ILS. How do you identify the FAF?

A

Glide slope intercept

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47
Q

Why is it bad for wing to stall at the wingtip first?

A

Because they will lack airflow on the aileron surface for controllability

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48
Q

What is the purpose of a squat switch?

A

Disable or enable a certain equipment on the airplane

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49
Q

How would you proceed around or thru a hole in a thunderstorm with consideration to a marginal fuel situation coupled with late arriving to destination and how would I address passengers?

A

Diversion is a better way to deal with low fuel. Late arrivals should not lead to compromising safety

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50
Q

What is Dutch roll?

A

Combination of yawing and rolling oscillations that the aircraft experienced when the dihedral effects of an aircraft are more powerful than directional stability

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51
Q

What does altimeter do if the static port becomes clogged?

A

Holds the last altitude

52
Q

What happens to the altimeter if the static port ices over?

A

Freezes where it is

53
Q

How long before entering hold do you slow down?

A

3 minutes

54
Q

What is the difference between a swept wing and a straight wing ?

A

Swept wing: higher critical Mach number, designed for high speed flight with poor slow flight characteristics, stalls at wing tip first

Straight wing: better at slow speeds. Stalls at wing root first

55
Q

What does “T” in the black triangle mean in the notes section?

A

Non standard takeoff minimums

56
Q

What is considered mountainous terrain?

A

Change in elevation of 3,000’ within 10nm

57
Q

What is a vortex generator and what does it do?

A

Small vane attached to a lifting surface that energizes air passing over it to delay airflow separation over that section of the wing

58
Q

What is the purpose of static wicks?

A

As an airplane moves through the atmosphere it can pick up a charge because the airplane is electrically isolated. Charge build up can create interference with radios and nav systems

Static wicks draw off the static charge build up on the airplane

59
Q

Mandatory reports to ATC

A 
Missed approach 
Airspeed change 10% or 5kts
Reaching a fix 
Vacating an altitude 
ETA change +- 2 minutes 
Leaving a fix 
Outer marker ***
Unforecasted weather 
Safety of flight 
VFR on too 
FAF ***
Radio/nav equipment failure 
Compulsory Reporting points ***
Unable to climb 500fpm

*** only required in non radar environment

60
Q

What is wind shear?

A

Sudden shift in direction or velocity of winds

61
Q

What would you do if you got an acars bomb threat?

A

Immediately coordinate with dispatch to find a diversion airport. Inform cabin crew

62
Q

What factors affect turn radius?

A

Bank angle and speed

63
Q

What is a servo tab?

A

A small hinged device installed on a control surface to assist the movement of the control surfaces

It moves in the opposite direction of the surface, reducing the control force required by the pilot to move the controls

Anti servo tab moves in same direction of the surface

64
Q

How do you know you are in a microburst?

A

The performance of the aircraft will suddenly increase and then suddenly decrease as winds shift

65
Q

What is a microburst and how do you know that you’ve encountered one?

A

Rapid increase in airspeed and aircraft performance followed by a sever downdraft and rapid decrease in airspeed and aircraft performance

66
Q

How do you recover from a compressor stall?

A

Lower AOA
Increase airspeed
Reduce thrust

67
Q

What does MEA provide you?

A

Navigation

Obstacle clearance 1,000’ and 2,000’ in mountainous

68
Q

How does a jet engine start?

A

Starter spins the compressor/fan. Ignition is turned on. Air starts to flow through the engine. Oil pressure verified. At pre-determined fan speed, fuel is introduced, combustion begins

Starter cuts out at pre-determined fan speed. Ignition is turned off

69
Q

L/D max gives you what?

A

Best glide speed

70
Q

How do you identify MAP if DME fails?

A

Timing

71
Q

How do you know when a cold front has passed?

A

Wind shift and change of temperature

72
Q

If you have a hung start, what would you do?

A

Hung start is when a normal light off occurs, but the engine fails to reach idle RPM. Indicated by rising EGT, but no rise in RPM. Shutoff the fuel and continue dry monitoring (20-30 sec) to clear unburnt fuel

73
Q

What do Vortex Generators do?

A

Energize boundary layer and reduce stall speed

74
Q

What are the disadvantages of a T-tail?

A

Susceptible to deep stall and does not get the thrust over the horizontal stabilizer and elevator from the engines so takes a higher airspeed to have same control effectiveness as a non t - tail

75
Q

What is pneumatic air and what is its purpose?

A

Bleed air taken off the compressor section to be used for multiple different things: starting if aircraft has a pneumatic starter, anti/deicing, pressurization, air conditioning

76
Q

What are slats and what do they do?

A

Slats are leading edge devices, helps with high stall speed associated with a swept wing aircraft, energizes the boundary layer and changes the camber or the wing to lower stall speed

77
Q

What is Bernoulli’s principle and Newton’s third law?

A

Bernoulli’s: increase in the velocity of a steam of fluid results in a decrease in pressure

Newtons 3rd law: every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Wings are tilted pushing air downwards, so the wings get pushed upwards

78
Q

How are critical Mach, stall speed, and altitude related?

A

As you climb in altitude your stall speed is increasing, your critical Mach and stall speed will eventually converge creating coffins corner

79
Q

What is the ratio of critical Mach to altitude?

A

Higher the altitude the lower the critical Mach

80
Q

What is potentially hazardous about wingtips stalling first instead of the root?

A

You lose roll control first

81
Q

What does critical Mach have to do with Mach tuck?

A

Mach tuck is an aerodynamic effect whereby the nose of an aircraft tends to pitch downward as the airflow around the wing reaches supersonic speeds. The diving tendency is also known as tuck under. The aircraft will first experience this effect at significantly below Mach 1 or close to its critical Mach number

82
Q

DME is required. If you don’t have DME is there any other possible way to shoot this approach?

A

GPS in lieu of DME

83
Q

What is a hot start?

A

A hot start refers to the circumstance where the manufacturer defined limiting temperature for start has been exceeded

The most common reasons for a hot start includes insufficient airflow through the compressor, incorrect fuel scheduling and slow engine acceleration

84
Q

What do the spoilers do on the CRJ?

A

Maximize wheel brake efficacy by spoiling or dumping the lift generated by the wing and thus forcing the full weight of the aircraft onto the landing gear

Also helps slow the aircraft by producing aerodynamic drag

85
Q

What happens to Mach number as altitude increases?

A

When temp and pressure/density decrease the speed of sound also decreases. As air pressure, density and temp all decrease with altitude, we fly at a constant IAS or constant Mach number. While climbing or descending, the aircraft constantly accelerates or slows relative to the air mass

86
Q

What is the definition of a stabilized approach?

A

The pilot establishes and maintains constant angle glide path toward a predetermined point on the runway

87
Q

Why are compressor blades more prone to FOD damage than turbine blades?

A

Compressor blades are at the front of the nacelle and stand between FOD and turbine blades

88
Q

What does CPDLC mean on the frequency strip of an approach chart ?

A

Controller - pilot datalink communications

89
Q

What conditions are conducive to hydroplaning ?

A

Contamination of runway such as rain or snow

90
Q

Other than anti ice, what other purpose does the windshield heating serve?

A

Provides thermal conditioning for acrylic windshields and makes them more playable in case of FOD or bird strike impact

91
Q

Where can you find declared distances?

A

The appropriate chart supplement for the airport

92
Q

What do winglets do?

A

Decrease wingtip vortices, thereby decreasing drag and increasing efficiency/performance

93
Q

How does cabin pressurization work?

A
  1. A source of bleed air or compressed air is required. Usually from the compressor section of the turbine engine
  2. The compressed air is very hot. So it must go through some kind of cooling before going into the cabin
  3. The cooler, compressed air goes into the cabin to pressurize it
  4. An outflow valve in the rear of the plane will open and close to let out the pressurized air in order to regulate a specific cabin altitude
94
Q

What is the advantage of a continuous combustion engine?

A

Flameouts are less likely

95
Q

What would happen to the airspeed indicator if the pitot inlet hole and drain became blocked?

A

Turn into an altimeter

96
Q

What is the difference between a generator and an alternator?

A

Generator can be used as starter since it has permanent magnet. Heavy and relatively unstable on electricity production in low RPM

Alternator uses electric magnet, it produces more stable electricity in low RPM

97
Q

What is Vref?

A

1.3 times the stalling speed in the stated landing configuration and at the prevailing aircraft weight. This is the speed required as the landing runway threshold is crossed at a height of 50 feet in landing configuration if the calculated aircraft performance is to be achieved

98
Q

You are on initial climb after take off and there is a thunderstorm 5 miles out, your airspeed indicator stops working, what happened ?

A

Potential low level wind shear

99
Q

What does N1 and N2 indicate?

A

N1 is the low pressure turbine also referred to as “fan” and N2 is the high pressure turbine referred to as “turbine”

100
Q

How is oil cooled on the CRJ?

A

Fuel/oil heat exchanger

101
Q

What is continuous ignition?

A

Igniters are constantly firing. Should be set during heavy precip, maybe takeoff and landing, turbulence depending on ops

102
Q

What is the power curve?

A

More power required below L/D max to maintain same airspeed/altitude

103
Q

What are weather minimums for LAHSO?

A

1,000’ ceiling and vis at least 3sm

104
Q

What is required to hold short of the ILS critical area ?

A

When outside weather is below 800 ceiling or 2 miles vis

105
Q

What anti ice system is on the CRJ 900?

A

Cowl, leading edge, pitot probe, tat, static

106
Q

Describe the wing anti ice on the CRJ 900

A

Leading edges heated by bleed air

107
Q

Why is TAT warmer than SAT?

A

Total air temp is warmer than Static air temp due to the kinetic energy of the wing and or OAT probe moving through the air causing compression to take place thus heating the air molecules moving around these surfaces as opposed to SAT which is simply just ambient (stationary air) temp

108
Q

Where would you find a squall line?

A

Along or ahead of cold front

109
Q

What type of precipitation is freezing rain?

A

Super cooled water droplets

110
Q

What are part 121 derived minimums?

A

Basically if you have one straight in instrument approach available at your alternate, you have to add 400/1 to the minimums on the approach

111
Q

Why does the turbine fan get damaged more often than the compressor fan blade?

A

The turbine fan is continually exposed to high temperatures while the compressor fan blades are cold

112
Q

How many yaw dampers must be functional for autopilot use?

A

1

113
Q

What is occurring above you when you have freezing rain?

A

Warm air above you

114
Q

What do trough lines mean and look like on a chart?

A

Troughs are orange dashed lines. Line of low pressure

115
Q

What happens to the speed of sound as altitude increases?

A

Decreases with decreased temp and pressure

116
Q

Walk me through a diversion?

A

Fly in the direction of the airport, use GPS if available to give you distance and time en route, calculate fuel needed, listen to weather and make appropriate radio call. If IFR, let approach know you need to divert

117
Q

What is an isobar?

A

Connecting area of low pressure

118
Q

How does air move in low pressure system?

A

Counterclockwise

119
Q

What do we do at transition altitude?

A

Switch from standard altimeter setting to local or vice versa

120
Q

What is transition altitude in the U.S?

A

18,000

121
Q

What systems are controlled by hydraulics on modern turbine fixed wing aircraft ?

A

Flight controls and landing gear

122
Q

What is the ridge symbol on a WX prog chart?

A

High pressure - yellow zig zag on chart

123
Q

What minimum altitude are you allowed to fly over congested area?

A

1,000 AGL

124
Q

What causes all weather?

A

Uneven heating of earths surface

125
Q

What is coffin corner and what causes it?

A

Altitude where critical Mach and stall speed become equal. Aircraft very difficult to control

126
Q

Twin Comanche landing gear

A

Fully retractable, air/oil, oleo strut type and is electrically operated

Retraction of gear is accomplished by electric motor and transition assembly under the floorboard, activating push pull cables

A squat switch is on the left main landing gear to prevent inadvertent retraction of gear

127
Q

Skyhawk electrical system

A

Power is supplied to most general electrical circuits through a split primary bus bar, with an essential bus wired between the two primaries to provide power to the master switch, annunciation circuits, and interior lighting

Each primary bus bar is connected to an avionics bus bar through an avionics switch

Primary buses are on anytime the master switch is on, and not effected by starter or external power usage

Avionics buses are on when master switch is on and avionics is on

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