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Tech 101 Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

Derived from the Greek word “pharmakon” meaning remedy, and “logos” meaning knowledge, the word pharmacology loosely translates to “the knowledge of drugs”.

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2
Q

Pharmacokinetics (ADME)

A

A branch of pharmacology that refers to the rate of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

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3
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

A branch of pharmacology that refers to the biological and physical effects of the drug on the body.

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4
Q

Brand name

A

A proprietary name protected by a patent. This is often referred to as the manufacturer’s trademark name. The first letter of the brand name is always capitalized.

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5
Q

Generic name

A

A nonproprietary name approved by the United States Adopted Names (USAN) Council. The generic drug must have the same active ingredients, dosage strength, and formulation as the brand name drugs, but may have different inactive ingredients. The first letter of a generic name is NOT capitalized.

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6
Q

Chemical name

A

A name given to a drug during the initial clinical investigation, referring to its atomic or molecular structure.

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7
Q

Dosage form

A

The physical manifestation of the drug or how the drug is supplied.

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8
Q

Aerosol spray

A

A solution containing an active ingredient with a propellant that is meant to carry the drug to the site of action.

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9
Q

Aerosol spray example

A

Benzocaine aerosol spray

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10
Q

Caplet

A

A tablet shaped like a capsule, containing a solid inside.

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11
Q

Caplet

A

A tablet shaped like a capsule, containing a solid inside.

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12
Q

Caplets example

A

erythromycin caplet

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13
Q

Capsule

A

A dosage form containing powder or a liquid a gelatin coating.

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14
Q

Capsule example

A

Nexium capsule

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15
Q

Cream

A

An oil-in-water emulsion for external use.

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16
Q

Cream example

A

hydrocortisone cream

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17
Q

Elixir

A

A flavored, sweetened hydroalcoholic solution.

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18
Q

Elixir example

A

phenobarbital elixir

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19
Q

Emulsion

A

A dosage form made by the dispersion of one liquid into another that is immiscible.

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20
Q

Emulsion example

A

estradiol emulsion

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21
Q

Extract

A

A potent dosage form containing a powder, ointment like form, or a solid produced by the evaporation of the aqueous solvent.

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22
Q

Extract example

A

peppermint extract

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23
Q

Film

A

A dissolving oral drug strip made of hydrophilic polymers that is used for buccal or sublingual administration.

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24
Q

Film example

A

Belbuca buccal film

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25
Q

Gel

A

A dosage formed from ultrafine particles in a liquid.

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26
Q

Gel examples

A

lidocaine gel

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27
Q

Granules

A

An agglomerate of powder particles that form larger, free-flowing particles.

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28
Q

Granules example

A

Lamisil Oral Granules

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29
Q

Intradermal implant, pellet

A

A dosage form placed under the skin via minor surgery, allowing the drug to be released slowly.

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30
Q

Intradermal implant, pellet example

A

Implanon ( *Noraplant)

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31
Q

Lotion

A

A liquid suspension that is used for topical administration, containing insoluble dispersed solids.

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32
Q

Lotion example

A

calamine lotion

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33
Q

pastille, pastilles, troches

A

A dosage form made with flavored or sweetened ingredients; generally designed to be dissolved in the mouth for a local effect.

34
Q

Lozenges, pastilles, troche example

A

Over-the-counter (OTC) cough drops

35
Q

Micropump

A

A system of 5,000 to 10,000 microparticles contained within a tablet or capsule; each microparticle is released in the stomach and is able to deliver a drug over an extended period of time.

36
Q

Micropump example

A

Cored CR

37
Q

Ointment

A

A water-in-oil semisolid preparation for external use.

38
Q

Ointment example

A

lanolin ointment

39
Q

Powder

A

A solid dosage form that contains finely divided active and/or inert ingredient(s) packaged under pressure.

40
Q

Powder example

A

Cholestyramine powder for oral suspension.

41
Q

Solution

A

A homogeneous liquid dosage form containing one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent.

42
Q

Solution example

A

lactose solution

43
Q

Spirit

A

An alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution containing volatile aromatic compounds.

44
Q

Spirit example

A

peppermint spirit, aromatic ammonia spirit

45
Q

Suppository

A

A solid formulation intended for rectal or vaginal administration

46
Q

Suppository example

A

promethazine suppository

47
Q

Suspension

A

A dispersion containing an insoluble solid in a liquid.

48
Q

Suspension example

A

amoxicillin suspension

49
Q

Syrup

A

An aqueous solution containing sugar

50
Q

Syrup example

A

Lithium citrate syrup

51
Q

Tablet

A

A molded or compressed dosage form containing active ingredient(s) along with inert binder (inactive ingredients)

52
Q

Tablet example

A

levothyroxine tablet

53
Q

Tincture

A

An alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution.

54
Q

Tincture example

A

Belladonna tincture, iodine tincture

55
Q

Transdermal patch

A

A percutaneous delivery system consisting of a permeable polymer membrane, backing, drug reservoir, adhesive layer, and a protective strip.

56
Q

Transdermal patch example

A

fentanyl patch, nicotine patch

57
Q

Drug classification

A

Drugs are grouped by their comman actions and effects on the body ( e.g., anti-infective, anxiolytic, analgesic).

58
Q

Therapeutic equivalence

A

This classification is given to drugs that meet certain criteria. The drug must be proven to be safe and effective,and they must be deemed as pharmaceutically equivalent.

59
Q

How is Theraputic equivalence checked?

A

By looking at the APPROVED DRUG PRODUCTS WITH THERAPUTIC EQUIVALENCE EVALUATIONS. Reffered to as the Orange Book.

60
Q

What is the Orange Book?

A

This publication is the U.S.Food and Drug Administration’s official listing for prescription, over-the-counter, biologic, military, discontinued, or otherwise never-marketed drugs.

61
Q

Side effects

A

Secondary effects of the drug other than the primary therapeutic effect it was originally intended for.

62
Q

Drug interactions

A

A desirable or an undesirable effect that can occur when the effect of one drug is altered by the action of another drug or substance.

63
Q

What would example undesirable effects of drug interaction.

A

This phenomenon can produce effects resulting in lack of efficacy or even toxicity.

64
Q

What factors can contribute to drug interactions?

A

Multiple prescribers, poor patient compliance, taking multiple drugs, advanced age, and comorbidity.

65
Q

Drug-Drug interactions

A

Occurs when a drug interacts with or interferes with another drug.

66
Q

List drug-drug interactions

A

Addictive, synergistic, potentiated, or antagonistic

67
Q

Addictive interaction is:

A

when two drugs given in combination have an effect equal to the sum of the individual effects.

68
Q

Synergistic interaction is:

A

when drugs given in combination produce an effect greater than the sum of the individual effect.

69
Q

Potentiated interaction is:

A

when one drug intensifies the activity of another drug.

70
Q

Antagonistic interation us:

A

when drugs given in combination cause a decreased, or diminished, effect in one or more drugs.

71
Q

Drug-food interaction

A

When a drug reacts with food.

72
Q

Example of drug-food interaction

A

When drinking grapefruit juice causes an increase in the serum concentration of the antihyperlipidemic drug lovastatin (Mevacor)

73
Q

Drug-disease interaction

A

When a prescription or OTC medication interacts or interferes with an existing medical condition.

74
Q

Example of drug-disease interaction

A

When an individual with hypertension takes a pseudoephedrine.

75
Q

Drug-nutritional supplement interaction

A

When a drug effects vitamin absorption or metabolism.

76
Q

Example of drug nutritional supplement interactions

A

Anticonvulsants, such as phenytoin, can cause vitamin D deficiency.

77
Q

Drug-laboratory interations.

A

When a drug or a substance alters the concentration of a substances in the body.

78
Q

Example drug-laboratory interactions

A

Potassium-sparing diuretics, such as triamterene, increase serum potassium levels. In addition, the H2 blocker cimetidine can elevate serum creatinine levels.

79
Q

Drug-nutrition interactions

A

When a drug affects the use of a nutrient in the body. The drug may affect the nutrient’s absorption, the use of the nutrient by the body, or the excretion of the nutrient.

80
Q

Example drug-nutrient interaction

A

Antihyperlimpidemic agents, such as cholestyramine, can decrease the absorption of the fat-soluable vitamins (vitamins A,D,E,and K)

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