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1
Q

Pharmacology

A

Derived from the Greek word “pharmakon” meaning remedy, and “logos” meaning knowledge, the word pharmacology loosely translates to “the knowledge of drugs”.

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2
Q

Pharmacokinetics (ADME)

A

A branch of pharmacology that refers to the rate of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

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3
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

A branch of pharmacology that refers to the biological and physical effects of the drug on the body.

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4
Q

Brand name

A

A proprietary name protected by a patent. This is often referred to as the manufacturer’s trademark name. The first letter of the brand name is always capitalized.

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5
Q

Generic name

A

A nonproprietary name approved by the United States Adopted Names (USAN) Council. The generic drug must have the same active ingredients, dosage strength, and formulation as the brand name drugs, but may have different inactive ingredients. The first letter of a generic name is NOT capitalized.

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6
Q

Chemical name

A

A name given to a drug during the initial clinical investigation, referring to its atomic or molecular structure.

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7
Q

Dosage form

A

The physical manifestation of the drug or how the drug is supplied.

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8
Q

Aerosol spray

A

A solution containing an active ingredient with a propellant that is meant to carry the drug to the site of action.

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9
Q

Aerosol spray example

A

Benzocaine aerosol spray

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10
Q

Caplet

A

A tablet shaped like a capsule, containing a solid inside.

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11
Q

Caplet

A

A tablet shaped like a capsule, containing a solid inside.

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12
Q

Caplets example

A

erythromycin caplet

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13
Q

Capsule

A

A dosage form containing powder or a liquid a gelatin coating.

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14
Q

Capsule example

A

Nexium capsule

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15
Q

Cream

A

An oil-in-water emulsion for external use.

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16
Q

Cream example

A

hydrocortisone cream

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17
Q

Elixir

A

A flavored, sweetened hydroalcoholic solution.

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18
Q

Elixir example

A

phenobarbital elixir

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19
Q

Emulsion

A

A dosage form made by the dispersion of one liquid into another that is immiscible.

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20
Q

Emulsion example

A

estradiol emulsion

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21
Q

Extract

A

A potent dosage form containing a powder, ointment like form, or a solid produced by the evaporation of the aqueous solvent.

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22
Q

Extract example

A

peppermint extract

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23
Q

Film

A

A dissolving oral drug strip made of hydrophilic polymers that is used for buccal or sublingual administration.

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24
Q

Film example

A

Belbuca buccal film

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25
Gel
A dosage formed from ultrafine particles in a liquid.
26
Gel examples
lidocaine gel
27
Granules
An agglomerate of powder particles that form larger, free-flowing particles.
28
Granules example
Lamisil Oral Granules
29
Intradermal implant, pellet
A dosage form placed under the skin via minor surgery, allowing the drug to be released slowly.
30
Intradermal implant, pellet example
Implanon ( *Noraplant)
31
Lotion
A liquid suspension that is used for topical administration, containing insoluble dispersed solids.
32
Lotion example
calamine lotion
33
pastille, pastilles, troches
A dosage form made with flavored or sweetened ingredients; generally designed to be dissolved in the mouth for a local effect.
34
Lozenges, pastilles, troche example
Over-the-counter (OTC) cough drops
35
Micropump
A system of 5,000 to 10,000 microparticles contained within a tablet or capsule; each microparticle is released in the stomach and is able to deliver a drug over an extended period of time.
36
Micropump example
Cored CR
37
Ointment
A water-in-oil semisolid preparation for external use.
38
Ointment example
lanolin ointment
39
Powder
A solid dosage form that contains finely divided active and/or inert ingredient(s) packaged under pressure.
40
Powder example
Cholestyramine powder for oral suspension.
41
Solution
A homogeneous liquid dosage form containing one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent.
42
Solution example
lactose solution
43
Spirit
An alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution containing volatile aromatic compounds.
44
Spirit example
peppermint spirit, aromatic ammonia spirit
45
Suppository
A solid formulation intended for rectal or vaginal administration
46
Suppository example
promethazine suppository
47
Suspension
A dispersion containing an insoluble solid in a liquid.
48
Suspension example
amoxicillin suspension
49
Syrup
An aqueous solution containing sugar
50
Syrup example
Lithium citrate syrup
51
Tablet
A molded or compressed dosage form containing active ingredient(s) along with inert binder (inactive ingredients)
52
Tablet example
levothyroxine tablet
53
Tincture
An alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution.
54
Tincture example
Belladonna tincture, iodine tincture
55
Transdermal patch
A percutaneous delivery system consisting of a permeable polymer membrane, backing, drug reservoir, adhesive layer, and a protective strip.
56
Transdermal patch example
fentanyl patch, nicotine patch
57
Drug classification
Drugs are grouped by their comman actions and effects on the body ( e.g., anti-infective, anxiolytic, analgesic).
58
Therapeutic equivalence
This classification is given to drugs that meet certain criteria. The drug must be proven to be safe and effective,and they must be deemed as pharmaceutically equivalent.
59
How is Theraputic equivalence checked?
By looking at the APPROVED DRUG PRODUCTS WITH THERAPUTIC EQUIVALENCE EVALUATIONS. Reffered to as the Orange Book.
60
What is the Orange Book?
This publication is the U.S.Food and Drug Administration's official listing for prescription, over-the-counter, biologic, military, discontinued, or otherwise never-marketed drugs.
61
Side effects
Secondary effects of the drug other than the primary therapeutic effect it was originally intended for.
62
Drug interactions
A desirable or an undesirable effect that can occur when the effect of one drug is altered by the action of another drug or substance.
63
What would example undesirable effects of drug interaction.
This phenomenon can produce effects resulting in lack of efficacy or even toxicity.
64
What factors can contribute to drug interactions?
Multiple prescribers, poor patient compliance, taking multiple drugs, advanced age, and comorbidity.
65
Drug-Drug interactions
Occurs when a drug interacts with or interferes with another drug.
66
List drug-drug interactions
Addictive, synergistic, potentiated, or antagonistic
67
Addictive interaction is:
when two drugs given in combination have an effect equal to the sum of the individual effects.
68
Synergistic interaction is:
when drugs given in combination produce an effect greater than the sum of the individual effect.
69
Potentiated interaction is:
when one drug intensifies the activity of another drug.
70
Antagonistic interation us:
when drugs given in combination cause a decreased, or diminished, effect in one or more drugs.
71
Drug-food interaction
When a drug reacts with food.
72
Example of drug-food interaction
When drinking grapefruit juice causes an increase in the serum concentration of the antihyperlipidemic drug lovastatin (Mevacor)
73
Drug-disease interaction
When a prescription or OTC medication interacts or interferes with an existing medical condition.
74
Example of drug-disease interaction
When an individual with hypertension takes a pseudoephedrine.
75
Drug-nutritional supplement interaction
When a drug effects vitamin absorption or metabolism.
76
Example of drug nutritional supplement interactions
Anticonvulsants, such as phenytoin, can cause vitamin D deficiency.
77
Drug-laboratory interations.
When a drug or a substance alters the concentration of a substances in the body.
78
Example drug-laboratory interactions
Potassium-sparing diuretics, such as triamterene, increase serum potassium levels. In addition, the H2 blocker cimetidine can elevate serum creatinine levels.
79
Drug-nutrition interactions
When a drug affects the use of a nutrient in the body. The drug may affect the nutrient's absorption, the use of the nutrient by the body, or the excretion of the nutrient.
80
Example drug-nutrient interaction
Antihyperlimpidemic agents, such as cholestyramine, can decrease the absorption of the fat-soluable vitamins (vitamins A,D,E,and K)

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