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anatomy BDS1 > teach me anatomy head and neck notes > Flashcards

teach me anatomy head and neck notes Flashcards

1
Q

what is the skull

A

bony structure that supports the face and forms a protective cavity for the brain

many bones fuse at sutures in adulthood to allow brain growth during adolescence

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2
Q

what are the 2 groups of skull bones

A

cranium

face

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3
Q

cranium

A

a.k.a neurocranium

superior aspect of skull

encloses and protects the brain, meninges and cerebral vasculature

8 bones

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4
Q

what are the 2 anatomical divisions of the cranium

A

roof (calvarium)

cranial bases
- important as provides articulation for C1 (atlas), facial bones and mandible

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5
Q

what are the roof (calvarium) bones of the cranium

A

frontal

occipital

parietal (2)

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6
Q

what are the cranial base bones of the cranium

A

frontal

sphenoid

ethmoid

occipital

parietal (2)

temporal (2)

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7
Q

face

A

a.k.a viscerocranium

supports the soft tissues of the face
-determines facial appearance

14 bones

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8
Q

what are the 14 facial bones

A

zygomatic (2)

lacrimal (2)

nasal (2)

inferior nasal conchae (2)

palatine (2)

maxilla (2)

vomer

mandible

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9
Q

zygomatic bones

A

forms the cheek bones

crash impact barrier as in front of eyes

articulates with the frontal, sphenoid, temporal and maxilla bone

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10
Q

lacrimal bones

A

smallest and thinnest bone in the face

forms the medial wall of the orbit

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11
Q

nasal bones

A

2 slender bones located at bridge of nose

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12
Q

inferior nasal conchae

A

located within the nasal cavity

increase surface area of the nasal cavity
- thus increasing amount of inspired air that can come into contact with the cavity walls

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13
Q

palatine bones

A

situated at the read of the oral cavity

forms part of the hard palate

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14
Q

maxilla bones

A

comprises part of the upper jaw and hard palate

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15
Q

vomer

A

forms the posterior aspect of the nasal septum

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16
Q

mandible

A

lower jaw bone

articular with base of the cranium and TMJ

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17
Q

sutures of the skull

A

type of fibrous joint that are unique to the skull

immovable

fuse completely at age of 20 approx

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18
Q

clinical important of skull sutures

A

points of potential weakness in both adult and childhood

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19
Q

what are the 3 sutures

A

coronal suture

sagittal sutures

lambdoid suture

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20
Q

coronal sutures fuses…

A

the frontal bone with the 2 parietal bones

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21
Q

sagittal sutures fuses…

A

both parietal bones to each other

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22
Q

lambdoid sutures fuses….

A

the occipital bone and to the 2 parietal bones

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23
Q

what is different about neonates sutures?

A

they have incomplete fused suture joints

causes membranous gaps between the bones - fontanelles

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24
Q

what are fontanelles

A

membraneous gaps between the bones

2 major fontanelles

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25
Q

what are the 2 major fontanelles

A

anterior/frontal fontanelle

posterior/occipital fontanelle

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26
Q

where is the anterior fontanelle and when does it close

A

located at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures

closes at 2 years old

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27
Q

where is the posterior/occipital fontanelle and when does it close

A

located at the junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures

closes at 2 months

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28
Q

what are cranial fractures mainly due to

A

blunt force or trauma e.g. road traffic collisions, fights, falls

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29
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of cranial fractures

A

visible injuries

  • deformity and anaesthesia of skin
  • profuse bleeding
  • swelling

subtle signs

  • clear fluid draining from ears and nose (CSF leak)
  • poor balance and confusion
  • slurred speech
  • stiff neck
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30
Q

4 natural points of weakness in skull

A

period

anterior cranial fossa

middle cranial fossa

posterior cranial fossa

31
Q

pterion

A

H shaped junction between the temporal, parietal, frontal and sphenoid bones

thinnest part in skull

fracture can lacerate the middle meningeal artery (anterior branch)

resulting in an extradural haematoma

32
Q

anterior cranial fossa

A

depression of skull formed by frontal, ethos and sphenoid bones

33
Q

middle cranial fossa

A

depression formed by sphenoid, temporal and parietal bones

34
Q

posterior cranial fossa

A

depression formed by squamous and mastoid temporal bones and occipital bones

35
Q

temporomandibular joint TMJ

A

formed by the articulation of the mandible and the temporal bones of the cranium (3 articulating surfaces)

located anteriorly to the ear and on the lateral spect of head

36
Q

3 articulating suffices of the TMJ

A

mandibular fossa

articular tubercule
(from the squamous part of the temporal bone)

head of the mandible

37
Q

what is the unique mechanisms of the TMJ

A

articular surfaces nerve come into contact with each other

separated by articular disc
- splits the joint into 2 synovial joint cavities each lined by a synodical membrane

articular surfaces are covered by fibrocartilage (not hyaline)

38
Q

what type of joint is the TMJ

A

synovial joint

2 synovial joint cavities separated by the articular disc

lined with firbocartilagge (not hyaline)

39
Q

what are the 3 extracapsular ligaments of the TMJ

A

lateral ligament

sphenomandibular ligament

stylomandibular ligament

40
Q

lateral ligament of the TMJ

A

runs from the beginning of the articular tubercle to the mandibular neck

thickening of joint capsule

acts to prevent posterior dislocation of joint

41
Q

sphenomandibular ligament

A

prognoses from the sphenoid spine and attaches to the mandible

42
Q

stylomandibular ligament

A

supports the weigh of the jaw (along with facial muscles)

thickening of the fascia of the parotid gland

43
Q

what are the division movements of the TMJ

A

protrusion and retraction allowed by the upper part part of TMJ

elevation and depression allowed by the lower part of the TMJ

44
Q

protrusion and retraction of TMJ

A

upper parter

lateral pterygoid is responsible for protrusion (assisted by medial)

temporalis responsible for retraction

45
Q

how is lateral movement of jaw acheived

A

alternatively protruding and retracting the mandible on each side

needed for chewing and gaining

46
Q

elevation and depression of the TMJ

A

lower part of the TMJ

elevation (closure) strong movement operated by:

  • temporalis
  • masseter
  • medial pterygoind

depression operated by the lateral pterygoind (assisted by the digastric, geniohyoid and mylohyoid)

47
Q

arterial supply of the TMJ

A

superficial temporal branch of the external carotid artery mainly

also deep auricular, ascending pharyngeal and maxillary

48
Q

innervation of the TMJ

A

mandibular division of the trigeminal
CNV3

auricotemporal and masserteric branches

49
Q

issues with the TMJ

A

dislocation common
- facial and auricoemporal nerves run closely can be damaged

arthritis can cause inflammation
- jaw pain, stiffness and grating

50
Q

parts of mandible

A

horizontal body

vertical ramus

meet at angle

51
Q

body of mandible

A

horseshoe shape (curved)

2 borders

  • superior alveolar (teeth attachment)
  • inferior bases (attachment of digastric)

mandibular symphsis

  • midline, site of embryological fusion of 2 halves
  • mental protuberance, triangle eminence - chin

mental foramen

  • below 2nd premolar
  • passage way for neurovascualr supplies
52
Q

rami of mandible

A

head
- articled with temporal bone as part of TMJ

neck
- site of attachment of lateral pterygoid

coronoid process
- site of attachment for temporals

mandibular foramen
- on internal surface of ramus

53
Q

mandibular foramen

A

located on the internal surface of the ramus of mandible

inferior alveolar nerve and inferior alveolar artery pass through into mandibular canal and exit at mental foramen

54
Q

mental foramen

A

external surface of mandibular body, below 2nd premolar

allows the inferior alveolar nerve and artery to exit the mandibular canal

inferior alveolar nerve now mental nerve
- innervates skin of lower lip and cheeks

55
Q

sphenoid bone

A

unpaired
sits anterior to the cranium

butterfly shaped

  • body (hollow as has sphenoidal sinuses) and pair of greater and lesser wings
  • 2 pterygoid processes
56
Q

greater wing of sphenoid

A

extends from body in lateral, superior and posterior direction

3 foramina

  • foramen rotundum: maxillary nerve
  • foramen ovale: mandibular nerve
  • foramen spinous: middle meningeal vessels
57
Q

lesser wing of sphenoid

A

anterior aspect of the spheric body in a superolateral direction

58
Q

superior orbital fissure

A

slit like gap between lesser and greater wings

numerous structures pass through to reach orbit

59
Q

pterygoind process of sphenoid bones

A

descend inferior from the point of junction between the sphenoid body and greater wing

medial pterygoid plate - supports the nasal cavity opening

lateral pterygoid plate - site of origin of the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles

60
Q

sphenoid bone relationship with pituitary gland

A

close anatomical relationship

pitutiary gland be accessed surgically by passing through instruments through sphenoid sinus and bone
- surgical management of pituitary pathology without more extensive craniotomy
(endoscopic trans-sphenoidal surgery ETSS)

61
Q

ethmoid bone

A

small unpaired bone

situated in the root of nasal cavity between he 2 orbital cavities (in midline)

lightweight, pony structures (‘ethmos’=sieve)

3 main parts

  • cribriform plate
  • perpendicular plate
  • ethmoidal labyrinths
62
Q

cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

A

CN1 olfactory passes thought the cribriform plate to innervate the nasal cavity and sense of smell
- several olfactory nerves pierce (sieve like structure)

if fractured can allow CSF to leak out of nose (CSF rhinorrhea)

63
Q

ethmoidal labyrinths of ethmoid bones

A

2 large masses at either side of the perpendicular plate

  • contain ethmoidal air cells
  • sinuses

2 sheets of bone form each labriths

  • orbital plate
  • medial sheet
64
Q

temporal bone

A

3 key parts (5 in total)

  • squamous (majority)
  • zygomatic process
  • styloid process
65
Q

squamous part of temporal bone

A

largest/majority of temporal bone

flat and plate like

located superiorly

convex outer surface (temporal fossa)

lower part site of origin of temporalis

articulates with sphenoid bone (anteriorly) and parietal bone (posteriorly)

66
Q

zygomatic process of temporal bone

A

below squamous part

projects anteriorly

articulates with zygoma (cheek bones)

one of the attachments to the temporal bone forms the articular tubercle

  • part of TMJ
  • anterior boundary of mandibular fossa

some master fibre attachment to lateral surface

67
Q

styloid process of temporal bone

A

located immediately beneath the opening of the auditory meatus

acts as muscle and ligament attachment
e.g. stylomandibular ligament of TMJ

68
Q

what can cause an increase in intracranial pressure and effects?

A

extradual haematoma (fracture pretrion)

effects:
nausea
vomiting 
seizure
bradycardia
limb weakness

treatment by diuretics and surgical intervention

69
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

air filled extensions of the respiratory part of nasal cavity

4 paired sinuses

  • maxillary
  • frontal
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid

humidify inspired air and reduce skull weight

inner surface lined by respiratory mucosa
- ciliated pseudostratifed columnar epithelium

70
Q

frontal sinues

A

found most superior, location near foreheads

variable in size
always triangle shaped

drains into nasal cavity

71
Q

sphenoid sinuses

A

lie relatively superiorly at the level of sphenoid-ethmoidal recess
found more posterity and related to cranial cavity

drain into the roof nasal cavity

72
Q

ethmoidal sinuses

A

3 ethmoidal sinuses

  • anterior
  • middle
  • posterior

drain into nasal cavity at different locations

73
Q

maxillary sinuses

A

larges of the 4 paired sinuses

located laterally and inferiorly to nasal cavity

drain into nasal cavity - flaw as below it

anatomy BDS1 (1 decks)

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