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anatomy BDS1 > teach me anatomy head and neck notes > Flashcards

teach me anatomy head and neck notes Flashcards

1
Q

what is the skull

A

bony structure that supports the face and forms a protective cavity for the brain

many bones fuse at sutures in adulthood to allow brain growth during adolescence

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2
Q

what are the 2 groups of skull bones

A

cranium

face

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3
Q

cranium

A

a.k.a neurocranium

superior aspect of skull

encloses and protects the brain, meninges and cerebral vasculature

8 bones

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4
Q

what are the 2 anatomical divisions of the cranium

A

roof (calvarium)

cranial bases
- important as provides articulation for C1 (atlas), facial bones and mandible

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5
Q

what are the roof (calvarium) bones of the cranium

A

frontal

occipital

parietal (2)

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6
Q

what are the cranial base bones of the cranium

A

frontal

sphenoid

ethmoid

occipital

parietal (2)

temporal (2)

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7
Q

face

A

a.k.a viscerocranium

supports the soft tissues of the face
-determines facial appearance

14 bones

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8
Q

what are the 14 facial bones

A

zygomatic (2)

lacrimal (2)

nasal (2)

inferior nasal conchae (2)

palatine (2)

maxilla (2)

vomer

mandible

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9
Q

zygomatic bones

A

forms the cheek bones

crash impact barrier as in front of eyes

articulates with the frontal, sphenoid, temporal and maxilla bone

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10
Q

lacrimal bones

A

smallest and thinnest bone in the face

forms the medial wall of the orbit

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11
Q

nasal bones

A

2 slender bones located at bridge of nose

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12
Q

inferior nasal conchae

A

located within the nasal cavity

increase surface area of the nasal cavity
- thus increasing amount of inspired air that can come into contact with the cavity walls

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13
Q

palatine bones

A

situated at the read of the oral cavity

forms part of the hard palate

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14
Q

maxilla bones

A

comprises part of the upper jaw and hard palate

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15
Q

vomer

A

forms the posterior aspect of the nasal septum

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16
Q

mandible

A

lower jaw bone

articular with base of the cranium and TMJ

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17
Q

sutures of the skull

A

type of fibrous joint that are unique to the skull

immovable

fuse completely at age of 20 approx

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18
Q

clinical important of skull sutures

A

points of potential weakness in both adult and childhood

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19
Q

what are the 3 sutures

A

coronal suture

sagittal sutures

lambdoid suture

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20
Q

coronal sutures fuses…

A

the frontal bone with the 2 parietal bones

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21
Q

sagittal sutures fuses…

A

both parietal bones to each other

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22
Q

lambdoid sutures fuses….

A

the occipital bone and to the 2 parietal bones

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23
Q

what is different about neonates sutures?

A

they have incomplete fused suture joints

causes membranous gaps between the bones - fontanelles

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24
Q

what are fontanelles

A

membraneous gaps between the bones

2 major fontanelles

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25
what are the 2 major fontanelles
anterior/frontal fontanelle posterior/occipital fontanelle
26
where is the anterior fontanelle and when does it close
located at the junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures closes at 2 years old
27
where is the posterior/occipital fontanelle and when does it close
located at the junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures closes at 2 months
28
what are cranial fractures mainly due to
blunt force or trauma e.g. road traffic collisions, fights, falls
29
what are the signs and symptoms of cranial fractures
visible injuries - deformity and anaesthesia of skin - profuse bleeding - swelling subtle signs - clear fluid draining from ears and nose (CSF leak) - poor balance and confusion - slurred speech - stiff neck
30
4 natural points of weakness in skull
period anterior cranial fossa middle cranial fossa posterior cranial fossa
31
pterion
H shaped junction between the temporal, parietal, frontal and sphenoid bones thinnest part in skull fracture can lacerate the middle meningeal artery (anterior branch) resulting in an extradural haematoma
32
anterior cranial fossa
depression of skull formed by frontal, ethos and sphenoid bones
33
middle cranial fossa
depression formed by sphenoid, temporal and parietal bones
34
posterior cranial fossa
depression formed by squamous and mastoid temporal bones and occipital bones
35
temporomandibular joint TMJ
formed by the articulation of the mandible and the temporal bones of the cranium (3 articulating surfaces) located anteriorly to the ear and on the lateral spect of head
36
3 articulating suffices of the TMJ
mandibular fossa articular tubercule (from the squamous part of the temporal bone) head of the mandible
37
what is the unique mechanisms of the TMJ
articular surfaces nerve come into contact with each other separated by articular disc - splits the joint into 2 synovial joint cavities each lined by a synodical membrane articular surfaces are covered by fibrocartilage (not hyaline)
38
what type of joint is the TMJ
synovial joint 2 synovial joint cavities separated by the articular disc lined with firbocartilagge (not hyaline)
39
what are the 3 extracapsular ligaments of the TMJ
lateral ligament sphenomandibular ligament stylomandibular ligament
40
lateral ligament of the TMJ
runs from the beginning of the articular tubercle to the mandibular neck thickening of joint capsule acts to prevent posterior dislocation of joint
41
sphenomandibular ligament
prognoses from the sphenoid spine and attaches to the mandible
42
stylomandibular ligament
supports the weigh of the jaw (along with facial muscles) thickening of the fascia of the parotid gland
43
what are the division movements of the TMJ
protrusion and retraction allowed by the upper part part of TMJ elevation and depression allowed by the lower part of the TMJ
44
protrusion and retraction of TMJ
upper parter lateral pterygoid is responsible for protrusion (assisted by medial) temporalis responsible for retraction
45
how is lateral movement of jaw acheived
alternatively protruding and retracting the mandible on each side needed for chewing and gaining
46
elevation and depression of the TMJ
lower part of the TMJ elevation (closure) strong movement operated by: - temporalis - masseter - medial pterygoind depression operated by the lateral pterygoind (assisted by the digastric, geniohyoid and mylohyoid)
47
arterial supply of the TMJ
superficial temporal branch of the external carotid artery mainly also deep auricular, ascending pharyngeal and maxillary
48
innervation of the TMJ
mandibular division of the trigeminal CNV3 auricotemporal and masserteric branches
49
issues with the TMJ
dislocation common - facial and auricoemporal nerves run closely can be damaged arthritis can cause inflammation - jaw pain, stiffness and grating
50
parts of mandible
horizontal body vertical ramus meet at angle
51
body of mandible
horseshoe shape (curved) 2 borders - superior alveolar (teeth attachment) - inferior bases (attachment of digastric) mandibular symphsis - midline, site of embryological fusion of 2 halves - mental protuberance, triangle eminence - chin mental foramen - below 2nd premolar - passage way for neurovascualr supplies
52
rami of mandible
head - articled with temporal bone as part of TMJ neck - site of attachment of lateral pterygoid coronoid process - site of attachment for temporals mandibular foramen - on internal surface of ramus
53
mandibular foramen
located on the internal surface of the ramus of mandible inferior alveolar nerve and inferior alveolar artery pass through into mandibular canal and exit at mental foramen
54
mental foramen
external surface of mandibular body, below 2nd premolar allows the inferior alveolar nerve and artery to exit the mandibular canal inferior alveolar nerve now mental nerve - innervates skin of lower lip and cheeks
55
sphenoid bone
unpaired sits anterior to the cranium butterfly shaped - body (hollow as has sphenoidal sinuses) and pair of greater and lesser wings - 2 pterygoid processes
56
greater wing of sphenoid
extends from body in lateral, superior and posterior direction 3 foramina - foramen rotundum: maxillary nerve - foramen ovale: mandibular nerve - foramen spinous: middle meningeal vessels
57
lesser wing of sphenoid
anterior aspect of the spheric body in a superolateral direction
58
superior orbital fissure
slit like gap between lesser and greater wings numerous structures pass through to reach orbit
59
pterygoind process of sphenoid bones
descend inferior from the point of junction between the sphenoid body and greater wing medial pterygoid plate - supports the nasal cavity opening lateral pterygoid plate - site of origin of the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles
60
sphenoid bone relationship with pituitary gland
close anatomical relationship pitutiary gland be accessed surgically by passing through instruments through sphenoid sinus and bone - surgical management of pituitary pathology without more extensive craniotomy (endoscopic trans-sphenoidal surgery ETSS)
61
ethmoid bone
small unpaired bone situated in the root of nasal cavity between he 2 orbital cavities (in midline) lightweight, pony structures ('ethmos'=sieve) 3 main parts - cribriform plate - perpendicular plate - ethmoidal labyrinths
62
cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
CN1 olfactory passes thought the cribriform plate to innervate the nasal cavity and sense of smell - several olfactory nerves pierce (sieve like structure) if fractured can allow CSF to leak out of nose (CSF rhinorrhea)
63
ethmoidal labyrinths of ethmoid bones
2 large masses at either side of the perpendicular plate - contain ethmoidal air cells - sinuses 2 sheets of bone form each labriths - orbital plate - medial sheet
64
temporal bone
3 key parts (5 in total) - squamous (majority) - zygomatic process - styloid process
65
squamous part of temporal bone
largest/majority of temporal bone flat and plate like located superiorly convex outer surface (temporal fossa) lower part site of origin of temporalis articulates with sphenoid bone (anteriorly) and parietal bone (posteriorly)
66
zygomatic process of temporal bone
below squamous part projects anteriorly articulates with zygoma (cheek bones) one of the attachments to the temporal bone forms the articular tubercle - part of TMJ - anterior boundary of mandibular fossa some master fibre attachment to lateral surface
67
styloid process of temporal bone
located immediately beneath the opening of the auditory meatus acts as muscle and ligament attachment e.g. stylomandibular ligament of TMJ
68
what can cause an increase in intracranial pressure and effects?
extradual haematoma (fracture pretrion) ``` effects: nausea vomiting seizure bradycardia limb weakness ``` treatment by diuretics and surgical intervention
69
paranasal sinuses
air filled extensions of the respiratory part of nasal cavity 4 paired sinuses - maxillary - frontal - sphenoid - ethmoid humidify inspired air and reduce skull weight inner surface lined by respiratory mucosa - ciliated pseudostratifed columnar epithelium
70
frontal sinues
found most superior, location near foreheads variable in size always triangle shaped drains into nasal cavity
71
sphenoid sinuses
lie relatively superiorly at the level of sphenoid-ethmoidal recess found more posterity and related to cranial cavity drain into the roof nasal cavity
72
ethmoidal sinuses
3 ethmoidal sinuses - anterior - middle - posterior drain into nasal cavity at different locations
73
maxillary sinuses
larges of the 4 paired sinuses located laterally and inferiorly to nasal cavity drain into nasal cavity - flaw as below it

anatomy BDS1 (1 decks)

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