Tcwd part 2 reviewer Flashcards
governance presents a clear divide between top-level policy formulation and the subsequent implementation of these preset goals by administrators and service providers.
The process of enacting policy is viewed as an implementation chain where links must be forged between various agencies.
TOP-DOWN GOVERNANCE
approach initiates with the target groups and service deliverers, because they find that the target groups are the actual implementors of policy.
is a clear-cut system of command and control—from the government to the project, which concerns the people.
BOTTOM-UP GOVERNANCE
are formal, or informal rules, that have been consciously designed to change the behaviour of various economic actors.This includes actors such as individuals, businesses, organisations and governments - Who in turn encourage sustainable development.
MARKET GOVERNANCE
is “interfirm coordination” that is characterized by organic or informal social system, in contrast to bureaucratic structures within firms and formal contractual relationships between them.
NETWORK GOVERNANCE
type of trade bloc in which most trade barriers have been removed (for goods) with some common policies on product regulation, and freedom of movement of the factors of production (capital and labour) and of enterprise and services.
Single Market
occurs when prices among different locations or related goods follow similar patterns over a long period of time
Groups of goods often move proportionally to each other and when this relation is very clear among different markets it is said that the markets are integrated.
this refers to the creation of a common sovereignty through the modification of existing institutions and the creation of new ones.
Positive Integration
a group of countries that have few or no barriers to trade in the form of tariffs or quotas between each other.
Free Trade Area
The process or fact of becoming cultured; refinement, intellectual cultivation. (2) The process of adapting to one’s cultural environment; the acquisition of values and behaviour compatible with the society of which one is a member.
Culturalization
a process whereby a state lifts restrictions on some private individual activities.
occurs when something which used to be banned is no longer banned, or when government regulations are relaxed.
Liberalization
process of increasing involvement of enterprises in international markets, although there is no agreed definition of internationalization.
Internationalization
an economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately or corporately owned and the operations are funded by profits
example of this is the prison system in the United States being operated by private companies.
Capitalism
a wealthy person who uses money to invest in trade and industry for profit in accordance with the principles of capitalism.
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the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.
Globalization
refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies.
Economic globalization
- an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of poorer countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.
World bank
any medical or remedial care or service, including supplies delivered in connection with the care or service, that is recognized under state law.
Health care services
an organization of 189 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world.
International monetary fund
an intergovernmental organization that is concerned with the regulation of international trade between nations
World trade organization
was an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States that created a trilateral trade bloc in North America.
The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994, and superseded the 1988 Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement between the United States and Canada
North American free trade agreement
a United Nations agency whose mandate is to advance social and economic justice through setting international labour standards.
Founded in 1919 under the League of Nations, it is the first and oldest specialised agency of the UN
International labor organization
a legal agreement between many countries, whose overall purpose was to promote international trade by reducing or eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas.
General agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
