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CS 108: Intro to Networking > TCP/IP > Flashcards

TCP/IP Flashcards

1
Q

What is UDP?

A

User Datagram Protocol, created by David Reed with RFC 768 under internet standards,

UDP works best for streaming, speed over efficiency

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2
Q

What is a host name?

A

unique identifier for an individual machine connected to a network.

domain name informs us of the network, host name informs us of the individual host on the network.

www.

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3
Q

DNS

A

Domain name system, unique string associated with an IP address. ex: google.com

easier to remember google.com than it is to remember the entire IP address

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4
Q

DNS query

A

the process by which a computer or device on a network makes an inquiry to other devices to get the IP address for a DNS name

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5
Q

Recursive servers

A

if computer fails to find DNS query in local cache, it queries the servers hosted by your ISP, called recursive servers

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6
Q

Root Name Servers

A

if recursive server does not have DNS query cached, root name servers are queried. These servers are at the foundation of the DNS

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7
Q

Describe the cycle of a DNS query where the DNS needs to be accessed by the root name server.

A
  1. Local cache is queried on your device
  2. Recursive server is queried, ISP server
  3. Root name server is queried
  4. Top level domain servers is queried
  5. authoritative server queried for DNS and transmits info needed back to recursive server and then to you
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8
Q

What is IP?

A

Internet protocol, responsible for moving data in the form of electronic packets until packets are received @ the IP address

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9
Q

What is TCP?

A

Transmission control protocol: responsible for ensuring safe delivery of each data packet from the sending node to the receiving node

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10
Q

TCP/IP Layers

A
  1. Application/process layer
  2. Transport layer
  3. Protocol layer
  4. Network layer
  5. Physical layer
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11
Q

IPV4

A

32 bit, 0.0.0.0 -> 255.255.255.255
4 billion unique addresses

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12
Q

IPV6

A

128 bit, 2021:8d46:7f38:0000:7654:0000:3djg8:2398
340 trillion unique addresses

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13
Q

What is DNS?

A

Domain name system, a hierarchical database that links domain names with IP addresses

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14
Q

IANA

A

maintains registries for coordination of IP addressing and DNS root zone, non profit organization

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15
Q

ICANN

A

non profit org, keeps the internet secure and stable

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16
Q

Application layer types

A
  1. Browsing protocols HTTP and HTTPS
  2. File transfer protocols FTP and TFTP
  3. Email protocols, POP3 IMAP receiving, SMTP sending
  4. Remote Administration Protocols, Telnet & SSH
  5. Network Management Protocol SNMP
  6. Others: Bootstrap and DHCP assign IP address to computers on a network, DNS used for searching domain names
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17
Q

Subnet mask

A

the subnet mask is just an indicator of which of the 4 octets of the IP address transmitted are used to identify the network address, while the rest of the octets identify the computer or node.

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18
Q

what does the prefix of an IP address represent?

A

the network

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19
Q

What does the suffix of an IP address represent?

A

the device

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20
Q

Non routable IP addresses?

A

are those reserved for internal networks (your own home wireless network probably can be accessed by 192.168.1.1 for example)

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21
Q

What is network address translation?

A

used to provide an alias for the device, the router than translates that alias back to the device’s IP

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22
Q

What is IPV4?

A

Internet protocol version 4, the core protocol that routes most internet, 32 bit, address consists of four octets,

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23
Q

What is an IP packet?

A

consists of a header and encapsulated data.

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24
Q

Detail the IP packet header?

A

An IP header is divided into 14 fields and contains the necessary information for delivering the packet to its destination

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25
Q

How many classes of the IP addressing system are there?

A

The IP addressing system is divided into five classes: Class A, B, C, D, and E. Each has its own range of addresses.

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26
Q

Detail the ranges for the five classes of the IP addressing system.

A

Class A: 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 This class is for large networks and has 8 bits for network and 24 bits for the host
Class B: 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 suitable for medium-sized networks and have 16 bits for network and 16 bits for hosts
Class C: 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 support small networks and have 24 bits for network and 8 bits for hosts
Class D: 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. host group or multicast group
Class E: 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254 reserved for experimental purposes

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27
Q

Detail a public IP address.

A

is the address that an Internet Service Provider (ISP) assigns to identify your computing device to the outside world. These addresses are globally unique and allow direct access to the internet.

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28
Q

private IP address

A

is generally provided for private networks, like home or office networks. An office computer or a printer is assigned a private IP address so that the devices residing outside your network can’t directly communicate via these private IP addresses.

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29
Q

what are reserved IP addresses?

A

IP addresses are reserved for special purposes by the internet addressing organizations Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).

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30
Q

Benefits of IPV6 over IPV4

A

more addresses IPV4- 4 billion, IPV6- 340 trillion

no need to use a NAT, which means all devices will be able to be identified with a unique IP address of their own

Security is also much higher with IPv6 since the authenticity of each network packet is encrypted. Encrypting the packets being sent and received over the network ensures that packet spoofing will be harder to accomplish by a potential attacker.

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31
Q

The IPV6 header format.

A

Next header, Payload length, IPVersion, Flow label, traffic class, destination address, source address

32
Q

Next header -

A

This indicates the type of extension header (if exists) or the upper layer PDU (such as TCP).
Hop limit - An 8-bit field that discards the packet after an absolute limit of time has passed.

33
Q

Payload length -

A

A 16-bit field that states the overall length of a packet payload, which can go up to 64 kilobytes if needed.

34
Q

Flow label

A
  • A 20-bit field for defining the packets of the flow. This is useful for the router to determine which packets belong to a particular flow of information. This is mainly used for multimedia or video communications etc.
35
Q

Traffic class

A
  • An 8-bit field that is used to determine a packet’s level of priority.
36
Q

Version/IP version -

A

The 4-bit identifier for the version that is being used, in the case of IPv6, that number is going to be 6.

37
Q

Destination address -

A

The 128-bit recipient address from the IPv6 node packet.

38
Q

Source address -

A

The original 128-bit source address for an IPv6 node packet.

39
Q

What are the three types of IPV6 addresses?

A

Unicast - A packet is delivered only to one interface.
Multicast - A packet is delivered to multiple interfaces.
Anycast - A packet is delivered to one of the multiple interfaces, but only based on the nearest routing location.

40
Q

What is hostname resolution?

A

Hostname Resolution refers to the process through which an assigned hostname is converted or resolved to its mapped IP Address so that networked hosts can communicate with each other.

41
Q

What is a MAC address?

A

Also known as the Ethernet address, every NIC is identified by this series of 48-bit numbers know as the MAC address. The MAC is linked to the hardware circuitry of the NIC. It is usually hardwired (permanent and cannot be altered) into the NIC during manufacture.

MAC Address Example: 00-14-22-01-23-45

42
Q

What is a NIC?

A

NIC (Network Interface Card), a piece of hardware with a circuitry card. Its function is similar to an electric plug which is integral to any electronic device that requires direct current to operate.

43
Q

What is NAT?

A

Network Address Translation, refers to the manipulation of IP address used to identify devices over the internet. It serves to map private IP addresses within networks to public addresses that are routable over the internet.

Computers and devices cannot interact on the internet with their private IP address as there not enough addresses in the IPV4 internet protocol, 4 billion

44
Q

What is static NAT?

A

assigns a fixed public IP address to a node

45
Q

What is a dynamic NAT?

A

assigns addresses on demand from a pool of available public IP addresses.

46
Q

What PAT or NPAT?

A

allows a private network of nodes to share a single public IP address via their ports.

47
Q

What is RIP?

A

Routing information protocol, a standard used by routers that dictates how data should be shared between a group of individual networks, otherwise known as LANs.

48
Q

What are routing tables?

A

Routing tables list all the destinations the router knows it can send data to.

49
Q

What is the difference between RIPv1 classful routing and RIPv2 classless routing?

A

classful routing carries a subnet mask,
classless routing does not carry a subnet mask.

50
Q

What is OSPF?

A

Open shortest path first, another method for routing payloads. Two routers speaking OSPF exchange information about routes they know about and the cost for them to get there.

51
Q

What EIGRP?

A

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol, another method for routing, this uses a topology table passed between the routers

52
Q

What is a switch?

A

A computer networking device that allows for computers and other devices to be connected together in a general area, usually a building.

The roads that connect grocery stores, banks, homes, and other buildings.

53
Q

What are routers?

A

A router allows for several individual networks to be connected to each other and the internet itself.

54
Q

What is an intranet?

A

an intranet is a network that is closed off from the internet and is only accessible from within a company.

55
Q

What is network segmentation?

A

the process of dividing a computer network into multiple smaller networks, called subnets or network segments.

56
Q

What are subnets?

A

the trunks of computer networks that are smaller networks within the bigger network.

networks are segmented to decrease congestion and increase security.

57
Q

What is the CPU of a router?

A

the central processing unit, best described as the brains of the computer, responsible for performing the primary computing of the device

58
Q

What is RAM in a router?

A

RAM, or random access memory, uses short term memory storage where the devices routing table determines exactly where data will be directed to over a network

59
Q

What is the ROM in a router?

A

Read only memory, long term storage. where the bootstrap, a program that is pre loaded on a device that allows for the device’s operating system to be launched when it is powered on can be found.

60
Q

What is NVRAM in a router?

A

non volatile random access memory, more stable version of RAM, where the startup configuration file can be found.

61
Q

Where is the router’s operating system found?

A

flash memory.

62
Q

What are ports on a router?

A

ports are connectors located on the back of the router and allow for routers to be installed and connected to a network.

63
Q

What is a replication engine in a switch?

A

duplicates packets of data, that need to be sent to multiple addresses

64
Q

What is the forwarding engine in a switch?

A

responsible for making all the switching and routing decisions on the device.

65
Q

What is switch fabric?

A

Switch fabric is comprised of hardware and software that work together to ensure that data coming into the network gets sent out via the appropriate port.

66
Q

What’s the meaning of the /24 at the end of the IP range?

A

This notation indicates that the subnet mask used has 24 bits of the value 1 at the left side of the subnet mask. They add that this practice is known as Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR) and was intended to improve both address space utilization and routing scalability on the Internet.

67
Q

How did MIME enhance emailing?

A

MIME users were then suddenly able to add media formats to emails that were previously not possible, such as audio, video, and images.

68
Q

What is IMAP?

A

a standard internet protocol used for the retrieving of email messages from an email server. A user equipped with the IMAP protocol on their internet-connected devices can pull down emails from their email server to an email client on these devices

69
Q

What are networking commands?

A

used at the command prompt to get network information like the IP address of the system (remember that an IP address is the address of your device in a network), MAC address, network route traversed by a packet, and the IP address of the server in which a website or URL is hosted.

70
Q

What is the ipconfig command?

A

used for finding the IP address and default gateway of your network.

71
Q

What is the tracert command?

A

which is used to get an insight to the network route followed when a machine connected to a network tries to access a server on which a particular website is hosted.

72
Q

What is the ping command?

A

used for checking the network connectivity from your system to an end device like a server or a printer and also of a website.

73
Q

What is the netstat command?

A

used for displaying the active connections and ports which are connected to the current machine.

74
Q

What is the nslookup command?

A

which is used for diagnosing the Domain Name System (DNS) infrastructure

75
Q

What is the getmac command?

A

used to find a computer’s MAC address. Remember that a media access control (MAC) address is a unique physical address of a computer, which is assigned specifically by the manufacturers of that computer.

CS 108: Intro to Networking (5 decks)

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