Tcc History Ids Flashcards
Militarism
Build up military
Panama Canal
The US helped overthrow the Columbian government in order to gain the right to open and operate the Panama Canal. It connected the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean, allowing for much quicker travel and trade.
Shows extensiveness of American imperialism, because they were now controlling and operating land that they did not even own.
Alliance System
Series of agreements to defend others
Imperialism
Stronger country influence weaker country
Nationalism
Love country so much do anything for it, belief that interests of a single country were more important than others.
Assassination of Franz Fernedad
In 1914, a Serb patriot assassinated Fernedad, who was heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. A-H was backed by Germany and Serbia was backed by Russia. This marked the beginning of World War II, because this was the tipping point on top of the four other causes.
Central Powers
Germany, A-H, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria
Allied Powers
Britain, France, Russia, Japan
Lusitinia
One of Germany’s submarines sunk a British merchant ship named the Lusitinia, killing 125 Americans. This angered many Americans, building the antithesis of Germany in America. It also led President Wilson to warn that America will sever diplomatic relationships with Germany(thus starting war) if they continued the inhumane practice of sinking merchant ships without warning.
Zimmerman Note
Letter from German Ambassador to Mexican ambassador to invade the US if America enters war. Note intercepted and published in newspaper. Ultimately broke diplomatic ties between Germany and the US, and thus the reason why US entered the war.
Fourteen Points
Wilson’s post war peace system in which he called for self determination for all nations, freedom in travel, an end to secrets, and created the League of Nations. Published before US deploy troops.
It establishes an agenda for peace before the US even begin fighting the war.
Selective Service Act
Reinstated the draft, drafting 3 million people into service. Women were not drafted, but served as nurses, secretaries, and operators. Enables the US to prepare for war by acquiring the troops to fight.
Committee on Public Information
This federal agency was created in order to inform America of their purpose and necessity in the war effort. Basically they circulated propaganda. Provided motivation, even if in false, misleading ways for America’s pivotal role in the war. Boosted morale durning war time.
18th Ammendment
Bans the consumption and selling of alcohol. Extreme of the temperance movement. Began period of prohibition in America.
19th Ammendment
Prohibits states from using sex as a qualification to vote. Gives woman suffrage, and finally gives them political representation. Major step in gender equality.
Espionage Act of 1917
Prohibited spying and false statements that might impede military success. Violates freedom of speech guaranteed in first amendment. Example of people giving up rights for safety and greater good of the country during wartime.
The Niagara Movement
Led by WEB du Bois, pointed out that blacks saw no progress in the progressive movement, and called for the right to vote, an end to racial segregation, and equal economic and educational opportunities for blacks. Sparked the Civil Rights Movement.
The Treaty of Versailles
Significantly contrary to the 14 points, this treaty ended WWI was conducted in secret, created the League of Nations, allowed for some territorial acquisition, and allowed for self determination in Eastern Europe.
Although it ended the war, it blamed Germany alone for the war, reduced their military, and forced them to pay $45 billion in reparations. Planted the seed for WWII
Flappers
These were women who embraced new attitudes and activities that were usually reserved for men, such as the public drinking and smoking. They acted this way because they had received political freedom from the 19th amendment, and were thus seeking to express social freedom as well.
Flappers significantly influenced the second wave of feminism.
The Roaring 20’s
During this time period in America during the 1920’s, American culture, economy, and financial confidence was booming. Celebration, consumerism, and economic investment was very prevalent during this time period.
However, these ‘good times’ fueled as false sense of self confidence in America as a whole, and blinded them to the economic fallacies of dangerous financial investment.
Speculation
This financial practice involved the investment of money in risky stocks in hopes of a quick profit.
Buying on a Margin
This financial practice involved paying small down payment towards something and borrowing the rest.
Both practices out people into a significant amount of debt, and ultimately led to the crash of a Stock Market, which in turn sparked the Great Depression.
The Harlem Renaissance
This movement was an explosion of black culture in Northern America, specifically through the arts.
This movement led to the rejection of many stereotypes, and the popularization of many black artist, like Duke Ellington. Also this movement earned black culture acceptance in American culture, where no other minority cultures have found acceptance before.
The Great Migration
This was the physical movement of nearly one million blacks from the south to the north during WWI. They moved to cities like Chicago, Detroit, and New York.
This mass migration led to the Harlem Renaissance.
American Civil Liberties Union
This was an organization that sought out people whose rights were threatened, and also to represent them in cases that helped to bring about a “rights revolution.”
They helped to give a meaning to traditional civil liberties like freedom of speech and invented new ones like the right to privacy.
Speakeasies
Underground bars during prohibition
Bootleggers
Illegal dealers of alcohol.
These examples of organized crime were major reasons why Prohibition failed, and led to the rise of organized criminals like Al capone.
St. Valentines Day Massascre
Al Capone’s biggest rivals in selling illegal alcohol were mysteriously massacred, and the crime scene photos were published in newspapers.
The horrific incident played a key role I’m making Americans question Prohibition.
Black Tuesday
On October 29, 1929, the stock market crashed.
This thruster America into the Great Depression.
The Bonus Army
During the Great Depression, veterans of WWI marched on Washington because they were expecting bonus checks for WWI, but the government could not pay them. They were eventually turned away by the army.
This incident shows the true economic hardship that came with the Great Depression, in that the US Army had to be sent on their own veterans, who were merely wanted their bonus checks for saving their country.
Emergency Banking Relief Act
This piece of legislation allowed healthy banks to reopen after the Stock Market crashed.
This was one of the actions that FDR, through the New Deal, took to contribute to economic recovery by attempting to reestablish the banking system in America.
Glass- Steagal Banking Reform Act
This piece of legislation created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which basically was insurance for money put in banks, in case banks closed. The FDIC also helped to reduce bank failures.
This was one of the actions of financial reform that FDR took, Through the New Deal, to contribute to economic recovery by promoting safe banking.
The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
This piece of legislation raised crop prices by lowering production, because crop production had sky rocketed and thus prices fell during WWI. But then WWI ended, production and prices stayed the same , but consumption went down, causing economic hardship for many farmers.
This was one of the actions that FDR took, through the New Deal, to contribute to economic recovery during the Great Depression by aiding the business of agriculture.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
This government organization put young men to work on projects like forest preservation and flood control.
This was one of the actions that FDR took, through the New Deal, to contribute to economic recovery during the Great Depression by supply the needy with jobs.
The Federal Emergency Relief Administration
This government administration provided direct relief of food, clothing, and cash to the needy.
This was one of the actions that FDR took, through the New Deal, to provide direct relief for the needy.
The National Industrial Recovery Administration
This piece of legislation was the umbrella for various agencies, such as the National Recovery Administration.
This was one of the actions that FDR took, through the New Deal, to contribute to economic recovery.
National Recovery Administration
This government administration set codes for fair practice for industries.
This was one of the actions that FDR took, through the New Deal, to promote economic recovery through rules and regulations.
The Public Works Administration
This government administration built roads, schools, and hospitals.
This was one of the actions that FDR took, through the New Deal, to contribute provide relief for the needy by the creation of valuable infrastructure.
Tennessee Valley Authority
This government corporation created a series of dams to prevent floods and to provide cheap electric power to Americans.
The TVA put the federal government, for the first time, in the business of selling electricity in competition with private companies. This was an example of socialism, but it was necessary.
The Dust Bowl
This was a period of severe dust storms caused by drought that ravaged the Midwest.
The Dust Bowl severely hurt agriculture in the Midwest during tough economic times, and caused many people to migrate to other parts of the US due to the difficult life-style that it caused.
The 21st Amendment
This amendment repealed prohibition.
This amendment helped to stop organized crime, specifically crime regarding the illegal sale of alcohol.
Securities and Exchange Commission
This government organization was designed as a watchdog administration agency for finances.
This was one of the actions of financial reform that FDR took, through the New Deal, to quell economic corruption by protecting economic assets from fraud.
***The First New Deal
This was a series of experiments by the federal government aimed at economic recovery during the Great Depression.
These experiments by the government showed that FDR was committed to getting out of the depression. Also, they greatly increased the power of the federal government and their role in the economy. The New Deal led Americans to expect more out of their government in the future due to the major assistance it provided through the New Deal.
Rural Electrification Agency
This government agency worked to provide rural areas in America with electricity. This agency was a huge success. Also, it was sponsored by taxing the wealthy.
This agency brought widespread electricity to rural areas. Thus, it boosted the development of the nation, and showed that the nation turns to the wealthy during economic crisis.
The Works Progress Administration
This government administration hired 3 million Americans every year to construct bridges, buildings, and other public facilities. Also, it hired artists to paint murals, and writers to conduct oral histories of local and former slaves.
This was one of the actions that FDR took, through the New Deal, to provide direct relief for the needy and to build up infrastructure. Also, it was a very important attempt at preserving art and culture.
Court Packing
FDR wanted to add new SC justices for every justice over the age of 70. He was worried that the older judges would not support his new initiatives. Congress denied this proposal.
This was a very concerning move by FDR, because it made him appear almost dictatorial in that he was trying to achieve complete control of the federal government.
The Social Security Act
This piece of legislation provided aid to the elderly by establishing retirement plans, unemployment insurance, and a system of social security.
This action by FDR in the New Deal was the single most important piece of social welfare due to the relationship that it established between the Americans and the government. Also, it created a system in Social Security that is still around today.
Frances Perkins
This woman was appointed by FDR as the first female cabinet secretary.
Her appointment showed that women were seeing political progress.
Mary McLeod Bethane
This woman was hired by FDR as a negro consultant of sorts. She became the head of the Division of Negro Affairs and of the National Youth Association. She helped blacks gain access to to New Deal programs, and she created a black cabinet to advise FDR on racial issues.
She helped bridge the gap between the aloof government and the blacks that live in its country.
Fireside Chats
These were conversations on the radio that FDR had with the American people, telling them about his plans for economic recovery through the New Deal during the Great Depression.
These chats greatly boosted national morale in the government and in the economy. It was the first time the people were hearing directly from the president.
FDR during the New Deal
During the New Deal, FDR was very active and was very committed to getting America out of the depression. He passed many laws and created many organizations, some that worked and some that didn’t, to aid in the economic recovery of the US. He was very socialist in these laws and organizations, thus the government’s role in the economy and their intervention in it greatly increased. For the most part, despite the socialist nature of it, the New Deal succeeded in pulling America out of the Great Depression. However, it led Americans to expect much more out of their government and to turn to them to solve problems now. Also, the New Deal did not do much for minorities.
Totalitarian Government
Under this form of government, the government has complete control over its citizens. It was created by Joseph Stalin.
This was the form of government that Stalin used that allowed him to have complete, uninhibited control of the Soviet Union.
Fascism
Under this form of government, which was created by Benito Mussolini, the government is very strong and centralized, and headed by a dictator. However, the government does not control everything. For example, farms were not controlled by the government.
This form of government was used by Mussolini, and eventually Hitler, in order to control their countries.
Nazism
This political philosophy used by Hitler is an extreme form of nationalism, racism, and expansionism.
This philosophy led Hitler to persecute many non-Germans, gave him more appeal in an economically disparaging Germany, and fueled his conquest for control of Europe.
Munich Pact
After Hitler had invaded Austria and Sudetenland, France, GB, and Germany signed this pact, which gave Sudetenland to Germany and made him promise not to invade Czech.
First, this pact shows how powerful those three countries involved were, in that Czech lost land even though they were not part of the discussion of the pact. Second, this was an example of France at GB caving to a dictator, and choosing not to stop him when he was weak.
Winston Churchill
This man was elected British prime minister during WWII. He declared that Britain would never surrender, and steadfastly encouraged his people to fight against Hitler’s invasion. They were victorious in holding off Hitler’s advances.
It was under his leadership that Britain prevailed over the German invasions.
Hitler invades Poland
In 1939, Hitler invaded Poland, thus breaking the non-aggression pact that Germany signed with the SU. He used a tactic known as blitzkrieg, in which almost all of one’s forces are sent at once.
This invasion started WWII, and the tactic of battle was risky, yet successful.
Lend-Lease Act
This piece of legislation authorized US military aid if it was promised to be returned after the war.
Cash and Carry Policy
This policy stated that if one paid cash and carried the products on their own ships, then they could have whatever they like in terms of military aid.**
Atlantic Charter
FDR signed this charter after meeting secretly with Churchill, which outlined the goals of WWII and began forming the Allied powers.
These show the hypocrisy of America during the war. Although they did not want to enter the war and claimed not to be, they were still involving themselves in it by providing support for the Allied powers, and by maintaining close ties with them.
The Bataan Death March
In the Philippines during the US invasion, the Japanese forced 78,000 American troops to lay down their arms and march to a prisoner-of-war camp, causing thousands to die.
This was a major setback for America because it lost many troops in the largest surrender in American military history.
The Battle of Midway
In this battle, the U.S. inflicted devastating losses on the Japanese navy at Midway island.
This battle turned the tide in the Pacific War, making the Americans dominant, and the Japanese no longer a threat because they lacked the capacity to attack.
D-Day - on June 6, 1944
The US stormed the beaches of France in the most massive sea/land military operation in history.
This marked the beginning of major American involvement in Europe, under the leadership of General Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Stalingrad
The Germans launched an attack on Stalingrad in Russia, and the Russians forced the Germans to surrender.
This battle turned the tide of the German invasion in Russia in the favor of Russia. Hitler now has nowhere to go east.
The Final Solution
This was the mass extermination of “undesirable” people in Germany by the Nazis. Included Slavs, gypsies, homosexuals, and Jews. The entire process of discrimination, including relocation, was known as the Holocaust.
This led to the death of 6 million undesirables and eventually led to the establishment of a Jewish homeland by the UN in Israel after WWII.
GI Bill of Rights
This social piece of legislation aimed to reward members of the armed forces with provisions to attend college, to buy a home or farm, and to start a business.
This provided social support for troops and veterans, and helped prevent widespread veteran unemployment upon their return and re-entry into civilian life.
Executive Order 9066
This order allowed FDR to order the expulsion of all persons of Japanese descent form the West Coast and relocation to interment camps, in order to “protect them from racism.”
This shows the hidden motive of the US to protect themselves from the Japanese. It shows that fear and stereotypes drove Americans to take very racist actions similar to those Hitler took with his relocation of undesirables.
Breten Woods
Here, a meeting was held between the US, SU, and GB. During this meeting, it became apparent that the US dollar would replace the British pound as the international currency. It also created the World Bank.
This meeting made the US the world’s financial leader and capitalism its economic framework.
Potsdam
At this conference after WWII, Truman, Churchill, and Stalin established a military administration for Germany and agreed to place the top Nazi leaders on trial.
This conference dealt with the problem of what to do with Germany, its military, and the Nazi leaders after WWII.
The United Nation
This group of nations was created to help settle international disputes and to help prevent future major world wars.
The UN creation was the most pivotal element of WWII’s conclusion, because America is now involved the group, unlike the League of Nations, and because it has thus far prevented any more major world wars.
FDR during WWII
During WWII, FDR is largely hypocritical. Unlike during the New Deal, he does not always do exactly what he says. He claimed that the US would not get involved in WWII, but he still assisted the Allied powers through the Lend-Lease Act, the Cash and Carry Policy, and his involvement with the Atlantic Charter. He also gave American ships permission to attack German U-boats, but only in self defense. FDR heavily involved himself and America in the war, even though he claimed that the US would not be in it.
