TCA cycle

Question 1

location of TCA cycle?

Answer 1

Mitochondira

Question 2

Most cells contain how many mitochondria?

Answer 2

500-2,000

Question 3

Primary role of Mitochondria is?

Answer 3

ATP production via aerobic respiration

Question 4

What is a common product in the catabolism of carbohydrates (glycolysis), amino acids and fatty acids (B-oxidation)?

Answer 4

Acetyl- CoA

Question 5

Catabolism?

Answer 5

Breakdown

Question 6

Anabolism?

Answer 6

Synthesis of molecules

Question 7

How is TCA a amphibolic pathway?

Answer 7

because it involves both catabolism and anabolism

Question 8

Acetyl Coa has how many carbons?

Answer 8

2 carbons

Question 9

Oxaloacetate has how many carbons?

Answer 9

4 carbons

Question 10

Acetyl- CoA to Citrate. What is released?

Answer 10

CoA is released

Citrate has 6 carbons.

Question 11

Isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate

Answer 11

NADH produced
CO2 released
Alpha-keto = 5 carbons

Question 12

Alpha- ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA ?

Answer 12

CoA added
CO2 released
NADH produced
Succinyl-CoA = 4 carbons

Question 13

Succinyl-CoA to Succinate

Answer 13

GTP and CoA released.

Question 14

Succinate to Fumurate

Answer 14

FADH2 released

Question 15

Fumurate to malate

Answer 15

H20 added

Question 16

Malate to Oxaloacetate

Answer 16

NADH produced

Question 17

energy rich components are added into the TCA cycle where?

Answer 17

Acetyl-CoA is added in the beginning of TCA and succinly-coA.

Question 18

Oxidative Phosphorylation happens in the?

Answer 18

Inner mitochondrial matrix

Question 19

Metabolic Fates of Pyruvate.

Pyruvate is reduced to what and with what enzyme?

Answer 19

Reduced to Lactate

via lactate dehydrogenase

Question 20

Metabolic Fates of Pyruvate
When Pyruvate is oxidative decarboxylation it becomes?
With what enzyme?

Answer 20

Acetyl-CoA

3 carbon to 2 carbon via pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

Question 21

Metabolic Fates of Pyruvate.
When Pyruvate is carboxylized it becomes?
with what enzyme?

Answer 21

Pyruvate carboxylase

and it becomes oxalacetate.

Question 22

Pyruvate is transamination

what does it become via what enzyme?

Answer 22

becomes alanine

via alanine aminotransferase

Question 23

A porin in the mitochondria?

Answer 23

a special carrier for pyruvate involving a symport that utilizes the H+ gradient from outside to inside the mitochondrion.

Question 24

High selective transporters are where in the mitochondria?

Answer 24

inner!

Question 25

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a complex of what three enzyme activities that transform pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by a process called pyruvate decarboxylation?

Answer 25

- pyruvate dehydrogenase - dihydrolipoyl tranacetylase with its lipoic acid prosthetic group - dihydrolipyl dehydrogenase

Question 26

Pyruvate dehydrogenase is inhibited when one or more of the three following ratios are increased:

Answer 26

ATP/ADP NADH/NAD+ Acetyl-CoA/CoA

Question 27

Acetyle-Coa , NADH and Pyruvate are ?

Answer 27

allosteric inhibitors - they upregulate PDH kinase which renders the PDH complex inactive - Acetyl-Coa can also Allosterically directly inhibit the PDH complex

Question 28

Phopshorlaytion of PDH kinase

Answer 28

Inactive PDH Complex

Question 29

dephosphorylation of PDH kinase

Answer 29

Active PDH complex

Question 30

PDH phosphatase upregulation

Answer 30

active PDH complex

Question 31

Insulin and cofactors

Answer 31

upregulate PDH phosphatase which activates PDH complex

Question 32

What makes Acetyl- CoA?

Answer 32

Fatty Acids Pyruvate Amino Acids

Question 33

Acetyl-Coa can produce?

Answer 33

Ketone bodies Tricarboxylic acid sterols fatty acids

Question 34

Acetyl- Coa to Citrate? | enzyme

Answer 34

citrate synthesis

Question 35

isocitrate to alpha keto

Answer 35

RLE is : isocitrate dehydrogenase

Question 36

alpha keto to succuniyl coa

Answer 36

alpha-keto dehydrogenase

Question 37

succiynl coa to succinate

Answer 37

succinyl coa synthetase

Question 38

succinate to fummurate

Answer 38

succinate dehydrogenase

Question 39

malate to oxaloacetate

Answer 39

malate dehydrogenase

Question 40

Energy producing steps and also sites of regulation

Answer 40

Citrate synthase Isoitrate Dehydrogenase Alpha keto dehydrogenase

Question 41

TCA cycle inhibition for Citrate Synthase

Answer 41

Inhibition: ATP NADH Citrate Succinyl-CoA Activation: ADP

Question 42

TCA cycle activation

Answer 42

by ADP and CA

Question 43

TCA cycle needs both?

Answer 43

acetyl-coa and oxolacetate

Question 44

Pyruvate to Oxoalacetate needs what cofactor to fxn with enzyme?

Answer 44

biotin with pyruvate decoarboxylase

Question 45

TCA releases both Carbons from Acetyl-Coa as?

Answer 45

Co2

Question 46

TCA cycle produces?

Answer 46

3 NADH 1 FADH2 1 GTP

Question 47

Isocitrate dehydrogenase is what in TCA?

Answer 47

its the rate limiting step and most important and controlled by ATP and NADH

Question 48

TCA cycle serves as a

Answer 48

metabolic traffic circle that receives carbon skeletons from amino acids and fatty acids and donates carbon skeletons to amino acids and porphyrins

Question 49

Genetic mutations affecting the TCA cycle and accumulation of TCA cycle intermediates (???) or TCA cycle substrates (???) appear to be particularly toxic to neurons and brain development (encephalopathies).

Answer 49

Genetic mutations affecting the TCA cycle and accumulation of TCA cycle intermediates (succinate, fumarate) or TCA cycle substrates (pyruvate) appear to be particularly toxic to neurons and brain development (encephalopathies).

Question 50

Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, leading to what? Children with this disease frequently exhibit severe (blank) defects; resulting in death in many cases. Dietary management may include?

Answer 50

leading to chronic lactic acidosis severe neurological defects ketogenic diet

Question 51

Fumarase deficiency? | Urine contains?

Answer 51

Rare autosomal recessive disease with severe neurological impairment. Urine contains: abnormal amounts of fumarate and elevated levels of succinate and other TCA cycle intermediates.

Question 52

TCA cycle dysfunctions can lead to

Answer 52

encephalopathies and certain types of cancer.

Question 53

TCA cycle inhibition for Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

Answer 53

ATP

Question 54

TCA cycle inhibition for Alpha keto dehydrogenase

Answer 54

NADH, Succinyl-Coa

Question 55

TCA cycle Activation for alpha keto dehydrogenase

Answer 55

Ca 2+

Question 56

TCA cycle Activation for Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Answer 56

Ca 2+, ADP

Question 57

TCA cycle activation for citrate synthase

Answer 57

ADP