TBLS1-4

Question 1

which system helps make vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold; stores fat and provides insulation.

Answer 1

integumentary

Question 2

what does the skeletal system function?

Answer 2

Supports and protects body; provides surface area for muscle attachments;
aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats)

Question 3

which system produces heat?

Answer 3

muscular

Question 4

which system responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions

Answer 4

nervous

Question 5

what is the function of the endocrine system

Answer 5

Endocrine Regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical
messengers transported in blood from endocrine gland or tissue to target organ

Question 6

what is the function of the cardiovascular system

Answer 6

Heart pumps blood through blood vessels; blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells and helps regulate acid–base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids; blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels.

Question 7

what is the lymphatic system

Answer 7

Returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells that protect against disease-causing microbes.

Question 8

which system helps regulate acid–base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds.

Answer 8

respiratory system

Question 9

what 2 systems help regulate acid-base balance of body fluids

Answer 9

respiratory and urinary systems

Question 10

what is the urinary system

Answer 10

Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; eliminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid–base balance of body fluids; maintains
body’s mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells

Question 11

what do gonads produce?

Answer 11

Gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes; mammary glands produce milk.

Question 12

Describe and state the common surgical procedure that may produce Winged Scapula.

Answer 12

Mastectomy, lymph node dissection and anesthesia can cause injury to long thoracic nerve and cause Winged Scapula.

Question 13

Describe the various openings in the diaphragm and what passes through them.

Answer 13

The diaphragm has three major openings through which various structures pass between the thorax and abdomen. These structures include the aorta, along with the thoracic duct and azygous vein, which pass through the aortic hiatus; the esophagus with accompanying vagus (X) nerves, which pass through the esophageal hiatus; and the inferior vena cava, which passes through the caval opening (foramen for the vena cava).

Question 14

what are the 3 functions of the interior structures of the external nose

Answer 14

(1) warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air; (2) detecting olfactory stimuli; and (3) modifying speech vibrations as they pass through the large, hollow resonating chambers.

Question 15

Describe the structures of voice production.

Answer 15

The mucous membrane of the larynx forms two pairs of folds a superior pair called the vestibular folds (false vocal cords) and an inferior pair called the vocal folds (true vocal cords). The space between the vestibular folds is known as the rima vestibuli. The laryngeal ventricle is a lateral expansion of the middle portion of the laryngeal cavity inferior to the vestibular folds and superior to the vocal folds.

Question 16

Describe the left lung taking into account the following: number of lobes, cardiac notch, and lingula

Answer 16

The oblique fissure in the left lung separates the superior lobe from the inferior lobe. The left lung also contains a concavity, the cardiac notch, in which the apex of the heart lies.

Question 17

Describe the right lung paying attention to the number of lobes and location of each.

Answer 17

The oblique and horizontal fissures create the lobes of the lungs. Horizontal fissure at right 4th rib level between superior and middle lobe and oblique fissure separates the inferior lobe.

Question 18

Describe at which level of the bronchial tree gas exchange begins.

Answer 18

Gas exchange begins at the level of respiratory bronchioles.

Question 19

The pharynx functions as

Answer 19

a passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils, which participate in immunological reactions against foreign invaders.

Question 20

what is the larynx (LAR-ingks)

Answer 20

or voicebox is a short passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea. It lies in the midline of the neck anterior to the esophagus and the fourth through sixth cervical vertebrae (C4–C6).

Question 21

what are the the lobar (secondary) bronchi

Answer 21

one for each lobe of the lung. (The right lung has three lobes; the left lung has two.) The lobar bronchi continue to branch, forming still smaller bronchi, called

Question 22

what are segmental (tertiary) bronchi

Answer 22

that supply the specific bronchopulmonary segments within the lobes.

Question 23

what are terminal bronchioles

Answer 23

These bronchioles contain club (Clara) cells, columnar, nonciliated cells interspersed among the epithelial cells. Club cells may protect against harmful effects of inhaled toxins and carcinogens, produce surfactant (discussed shortly), and function as stem cells (reserve cells), which give rise to various cells of the epithelium.

Question 24

Alveoli participate in

Answer 24

gas exchange, and thus respiratory bronchioles begin the respiratory zone of the respiratory system

Question 25

An alveolus

Answer 25

is a cup-shaped outpouching lined by simple squamous epithelium and supported by a thin elastic basement membrane;

Question 26

alveolar sac consists of

Answer 26

two or more alveoli that share a common opening.

Question 27

The walls of alveoli consist of

Answer 27

two types of alveolar epithelial cells.

Question 28

what are type I alveolar cells

Answer 28

(squamous pulmonary epithelial) cells are simple squamous epithelial cells that form a nearly continuous lining of the alveolar wall.
The thin type I alveolar cells are the main sites of gas exchange.

Question 29

what are Type II alveolar cells

Answer 29

also called septal cells, are fewer in number and are found between type I alveolar cells.
Type II alveolar cells, rounded or cuboidal epithelial cells with free surfaces containing microvilli, secrete alveolar fluid, which keeps the surface between the cells and the air moist.

Question 30

what is included in the alveolar fluid

Answer 30

surfactant, a complex mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins. Surfactant lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid, which reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse and thus maintains their patency.

Question 31

what is the fibromuscular membrane.

Answer 31

The open part of each C-shaped cartilage ring faces posteriorly toward the esophagus and is spanned by a fibromuscular membrane. Within this membrane
are transverse smooth muscle fibers, called the trachealis muscle, and elastic connective tissue that allow the diameter of the trachea to change subtly during inhalation and exhalation, which is important in maintaining efficient airflow.

Question 32

what do the solid C-shaped cartilage rings provide

Answer 32

a semirigid support to maintain patency so that the tracheal wall does not collapse inward (especially during inhalation) and obstruct the air passageway.