TBLS more Studying Flashcards
Definition of alimony
Taxes paid by payee, deductible by payor Section 71(b) any cash payment received by spouse under divorce instrument, payment not designated as NOT includable in gross income, payor and payee are not members of same household, no liability to make payments after death, and do not file joint return
Calculation of DNI and NII
- Set up chart indicating DNI and NII for all income.
- Determine % of distributions as DNI and NII–times that are both are distributions.
- Ben includes distributed in NII
- Trust’s NII is total NII less Ben’s included NII
Imposition of NII
Individuals: lesser of NII and exceeds of MAGI over threshold
Trusts: lesser of undistributed NII and excess of AGI over threshold
Roth IRA Additional 5-Year Requirement
Payment or distribution is not a Qualifying Distribution if it occurs before expiration of 5 years beginning with taxable year that rollover was made. Other payments/distributions are ok if not within 5 years of contribution.
Taxation of non-Qualified Distributions from Roth IRAs
Includable in distributee’s gross income TTEX attributable to earnings. Treated as coming from contributions first.
Can be subject to 10% penalty if from rollover and not yet 59 1/2
Stock Option/Incentive Stock Options
Exercise for FMV, must hold for two years from date of grant and one year from date of exercise for LTCG
Non-Statutory Stock Option
Discounted price below FMV on date of exercise
-Grantee recognizes income equal to FMV less price
IRA deduction for contribution
Up to $5000 if under income limits
Net Investment Income
Code 1411 Not wages or normal income.
- Category of gross income from interest, dividends, annuities, royalties, and rents.
- Gross income from passive activity–business you don’t materially participate in.
- Net gain TTEX included in computing taxable income.
Basic 409A rule
Absent an exception, amounts payable as deferred compensation are includable in the current tax year if an employee obtains a legally binding right during a taxable year to compensation that may be payable in a later tax year.
Substantial Risk of Forfeiture
Compensation is subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture if it is conditioned on performance or substantial future services or occurrence of a condition related to employment.
Payment of deferred compensation events
- Separation from service.
- Death.
- Disability.
- Unforeseen emergency (illness, casualty loss, or other extraordinary and unforeseen event)
- Change in control.
- Specified date
338 Election
Treat stock acquisition as asset acquisition. Buyer wants stock, but wants tax benefits of asset acquisition. Two levels of tax.
Roth IRA Contributions
Annual contributions do not exceed deduction limit ($5k)
Qualified rollover from IRA–total amount converted included in taxpayer’s gross income
IRA allowed early distributions
First home purchase, education, illness
Roth IRA Qualifying Distribution
Payment after age 59 1/2 Payment after participant's death to beneficiary or estate Made following disability First time homebuyer Five year requirement
IRA early distribution penalty
10% penalty tax on top of inclusion in income and tax on distribution.
Qualified Plans
Any plan under 401(a) or 408(a) (IRAs)
Required beginning date for IRAs
April 1 of the year after participant turns 70.5
Required beginning date for non-IRA Qualified Plans
If not 5% owner, then later of April 1 following year turns 70.5 (still has to take distribution for year of April 1 as well)
AND year of retirement
Qualification test for IRA trusts
- Valid under state law.
- Irrevocable or becomes irrevocable on participant’s death
- Ben’s must be identifiable from trust agreement–can be a class So long as you can identify the member with the shortest life expectancy
- A copy of the trust agreement must be given to the administrator
Look through trust for IRAs testing dates
September 30 of the year after the participant’s death, must meet all four qualifications.
Except 10/31 of the year after death to deliver trust agreement to administrator
IRA distribution calculations
Annual distribution = account value on prior 12/31 divided by applicable divisor for distribution year
RMD during participant’s lifetime
If spouse is more than 10 years younger and is sole beneficiary , division for RMD are the (taxpayer friendly) joint and survivor expectancy. Otherwise, use uniform life expectancy table.
Designated Beneficiary for IRA
Any individual or look through trust (not a charity)
RMD after participant’s death, but before RBD with Designated Beneficiary who is not the spouse
Plan benefits to be paid out starting 12/31 of year following participant’s death, with annual payments made over beneficiary’s life expectancy at next birthday
RMD after participant’s death, before RBD, with Designated Beneficiary who is surviving spouse.
Starts 12/31 of year following participant’s death per life expectancy (same as non-spouse)
Delay until 12/31 of year surviving spouse turns 70.5 (not 4/1 after)
If SS can take a lump sum, then make spousal rollover to own IRA.
RMD after participant’s death before RBD, but no Designated Beneficiary
Full distribution by 12/31 following 5 years after participant’s death.
DOD-5/10/2011
All out by 12/31/2016
After participant’s death, after RBD, with Designated Beneficiary not spouse
Plan balance (amount after year of death RMD) must begin to be paid out to DB on next 12/31 over DB’s life expectancy as of birthday that year, or over hypothetical life expectancy MINUS one of PARTICIPANT based on age at death
After participant’s death, after RBD, Designated Beneficiary who is spouse
RMD based on spouse’s age in year after death.
Use spouse’s life expectancy
Spouse Rollover if spouse can take lump sum distribution
After participant’s death, after RBD, no designated Beneficiary
Plan balance paid out over life expectancy of participant as of birthday in year of death which is reduce by ONE each year (if divisor is 26.3, then 25.3, then 24.3, then 23.3.)
IRA Spousal Rollover
Transforms benefits into spouse’s IRA.
Must be done by direct rollover to avoid 20% withholding on lump sum distribution
Rollover still computes using joint & survivor rules
Benefits of inherited IRA
Not subject to early withdrawal penalties
Take RMD based on Designated Beneficiary’s remaining life expectancy
IRA non-spousal rollover
Only for Designated Beneficiaries
Must be trustee to trustee transfer
Will be an inherited IRA, must take distribution based on DB’s remaining life expectancy
IRA equal annual distributions
IF participant is under 59 1/2, can avoid 10% early withdrawal penalty by taking annual distributions based on life expectancy , and distributions must continue until later of 5 years or participant’s age is 59 1/2
Roth IRA
Distributions are not included in distributee’s gross income, and contributions are not deductible .
Tax treatment of alimony and maintenance
Code 71(a)–amounts received as alimony or separate maintenance are included in payee’s gross income, and deductible by payor
Does not apply child support under Code 71(c)
Branch Profits Tax
Subjects foreign owned corporation to Branch Profits Tax to mimic double taxation of domestic corporation-
35% on corporation
30% on distributions to foreign shareholder
Restricted stock
With 83(b) election, gross income inclusion equal to FMV less consideration included at election.
Without 83(b) election, then gross income equal to FMV less consideration at time of vesting
743(b) Adjustment
Only made if PSP has made a 754 election or there is substantial built in loss.
Adjustment is equal to the change between buyer’s outside basis and share of inside basis–Equate the two. Allocated between capital and non-capital assets.
Like kind exchange
Code 1031(a)–No gain or loss recognized if property held for investment is exchanged solely for property of like kind
Boot in 1031
Gain recognized TTEX of FMV of boot.
Boot is non-qualified exchange property
US Income Taxation of NRAs
- ECI-Graduated rates, net basis, connected to US TorB
- FDAP–30% gross basis, withholding at source, no deductions.
- Portfolio bank deposit interest-exempt
- Capital gains–exempt
- Real Estate/FIRPTA–Graduated rates, net basis, 10% withholding as pre-payment of tax on gross sales price
- Branch Profits Tax–Regular income Tax on corporation at 35%, plus BPT of 30% on distributions to foreign shareholder
FIRPTA exceptions CHECK THIS WITH PATH ACT UPDATES
Sale for less than $1MM if property will be the buyer’s residence
Sale of publicly traded stock if seller owns no more than [10%]
-Non-foreign affidavit
-Non-USRPHC affidavit
-If partnership, withholding rules under 1445 trump FIRPTA
FIRPTA
US real property sales are treated as effectively connected income, subject to 10% withholding on amount realized.
Includes interests in USRP and USRPHC during five years before rule or TP’s holding period.
US Real Property Holding Corporation
Code 897
Any corporation in which the FMV of US RPI equals or exceeds 50% of the corporation’s assets.
Include USRPI, non-US RPI, any other assets held or used for trade or business
Portfolio and Bank-Deposit Insurance
871(h)(I), 881(c)
Interest is exempt from US tax if held in US bank
Portfolio interest
-Obligation in registered (not bearer) form
-US Borrower obtains a statement that the owner is not a US person
Cannot be a contingent for corporate borrowers, cannot be 10% of borrower’s assets
NRA Taxation of Capital Gains
Except for Real Estate CG, NRA CG not attributable to a US TorBare not subject to tax.
Expatriate Covered Gifts
Code 2801 Gift or estate tax imposed on donee if donor is covered expatriate.
Tax rates higher of gift tax or estate tax (40% for both), reduced by foreign gift tax paid.
Annual exclusion, marital, and charitable deductions apply.
No medical or educational exclusions
No subject if gifts are reported, or if property included in gross estate of covered expat and reported on 706
Exit Tax
Code 877A
One time mark-to-market tax on all property.
All property deemed sold at FMV immediately before expatriation date.
Applies to all property in net value–what do you have.
Gain is taxable TTEX it exceeds $600k, indexed for inflation ($680k in 2015)
Excludes deferred comp, qualified plans, tax deferred accounts (IRAs)), beneficial interest in non-grantor trust.
Expatriation Rules–Tax Motivated Expatriation
Must meet all three tests
1. Average annual net FIT for five years is more than $124k (adjusted for inflation, now $168k)
2. Net worth over $2mm on date of expatriation, not indexed
3. Fails to certify on form 8854 that he has complied with all US federal tax obligations for prior 5 tax years.
Break one, and you’re a covered expat
Tentative estate tax base
Taxable estate plus taxable gifts post-1976
Tentative estate tax
Tentative estate tax * estate tax rate (40%)
transfers of property between spouses incident to divorce
Code 1041(a)--no gain or loss recognized on transfers between spouses or incident to divorce. Must be within 1 year of cessation of marriage or within 6 years no related to cessation of marriage.
Resident Alien for Income Tax
- Green Card + physical presence
- Substantial Presence 31 days + 183 weighted average, exception for closer connection and treaty
- First year election, must be present 31 consecutive days, present for 75% of testing period, meet substantial presence in next year. Gets you in early so you can take FDAP deductions
Residency Test for Transfer Tax
Subjective domicile test–physically present with no definite present intention of leaving
Estate Taxation of NRAs
Exemption of $60k
Gross estate is all US sitused property,
Except savings, checking accounts and CDs if not used for US TorB, funds at foreign branch of US bank, life insurance owned by decedent on his own life.
QDOT is included.
Gift taxation of NRAs
Gift tax only applies to US sitused real property and tangible personal property. Does not apply to intangible property and us Debt obligations.
$14k annual exclusion available.
Marital Deduction for NRA gifts
limited to $100k inflation adjusted, now $148k, for gifts to non-citizen spouse. Unlimited gifts can be made by non-citizens to Citizens.
No gift splitting.
FDAP
Code 871(a) Fixed or determinable, annual or periodical income. Interest, dividends, rents, and royalties not effectively connected with a US TorB
Grantor Trust Rules
673 Reversions 674 Retnetion of control 675 administrative powers 676 Power to revoke 677 Retention of income and payments to grantor or grantor's spouse 678 Retained powers
UPIA Allocations to Principal
- Assets received from transferor during lifetime, a decedent’s estate, a trust with terminating income interest, or a contract naming the trust as a beneficiary.
- Money or other property received from sale or exchange of principal asset.
- Proceeds from or recovery for reasons not related to loss of income.
- Proceeds from eminent domain.
- Income when there is no income beneficiary.
65-Day Election
663(b) trusts can treat distributions during the first 65 days of the next year as having been made in the prior tax year
FAI
Fiduciary Accounting Income. Used to allocate receipts between principal and income, determined under governing document and state law. Code 643(b).
Income–money or property a fiduciary receives as a current return from a principal asset.
Principal–Non cash receipts, cash in exchange for a trust’s interest in property, cash for capital gains, amounts for liquidation of an entity
DNI calculation
Accounting Income from an estate or trust
Taxable income without distribution deduction or personal exemption, less net capital gains, plus tax exempt income, reduced by expenses allocated to that income.
Recapture of Excess Alimony Payments
Excess = Year 1 Excess + Year 2 Excess
Year 2 Excess = Year2 alimony - (Y3 alimony +$15k)
Year 1 Excess = Year1 alimony - {([Y2 alimony -Y2 excess] + Y3 Alimony)/2 + $15k}
Excess amount is included in payor’s gross income in year 3, deductible in year 3 by payee.
Dependency Exemption
Custodial parent entitled to exemption if child receives over 1/2 of support from that parent
Child support payments
Code 71(c) Any payment of alimony or separate maintenance for child support or related to contingencies involving a child is child support, and is not income to payee, and is not deductible to payor.
Simple Trust Definition
Governing agreement requires all income to be distributed currently
No corpus distributions in current year
No distributions deductible as charitable contributions
IRD
Items that would have been taxable income if decedent had lived, but isnt’ included on final 1040. Accrued interest, dividends, gain on 453 obligations, bonus paid after deat.
Estate will recognize gain on distributions of asset
New Basis at Death
1014 No new basis for IRD or death bed transfers TO decedent
Capital Gains tax rates
15% on gains up to $400k/$450k
20% on gains over $400k/$450k
3.8% NIIT
Taxable Estate
Gross Estate less
2053 administrative expenses, funeral, and debts
2054 Casualty losses
2055 Charitable deductions
2056 marital deduction
2056A QDOT
2057 Deduction for certain family business interests
Persons having statutory right to make burial instructions
Person designated in writing signed by decedent
Decedent’s surviving spouse
Any of the decedent’s adult children
Either of the decedent’s parents
Any of the decedent’s adult siblings
The person of closest kinship to the decedent according to intestacy statutes
Payment of funeral expenses and filing fees
Probate court may order a person, financial institution, or other entity to pay for the funeral home no more than $5k from the estate for funeral expenses. TEC 152.051
The first $15k in funeral expenses must be paid before any other claims, and amounts over that are paid as other unsecured claims. TEC 55.102(b)
Five Alternatives to Probate
Affidavit of Heirship Small Estate Affidavit Proceedings to Declare Heirship Application of No Administration Informal Family Agreement
Affidavit of Heirship
May allows heirs to easily transfer title to real property consisting of homestead without judicial proceeding.
Executed by maker, acknowledged before NP, and been public record for five years. Generally require 3 from disinterested persons.
Statutory form exists
Small Estate Affidavit
Ancillary probate proceeding allows estate consisting of homestead, and TPP to be transferred to heirs.
Req’s
-No petition for appointment of personal representative filed or granted
-Intestate
-30 days elapsed since date of death
-Value of entire estate, except for homestead and exempt property ($100k/$50k) TPC 42.001, does not exceed $50k. TEC 205.001
-Two disinterested witnesses sign.
Certified copy of the Small Estate Affidavit can be provided to effect transfer of property.
Proceedings to Declare Heirship
May be required if more than 4 years have passed since decedent’s death.
- Application
- Notice to heirs by mail, notice to all known or unknown heirs by publication
- Hearing with two witnesses
Application for Order of No Administration
TEC 451 to avoid administration by setting family allowance and moving on.
Req’s
-Decedent is surviving spouse or minor child
-Value of the estate, exclusive of homestead and exempt property, cannot exceed the family allowance
-Application must include names of heirs or devisees, creditors, and description of property.
-Prayer for establishment of family allowance
Order constitutes legal authority to transfer property to persons named in the order.
May be revoked within 1 year by showing
-other property discovered
-property belonging to the estate was not included in the application
-the property included in the application was incorrectly valued resulting in the situation that the total value of the estates would exceed the amount necessary to justify the order of No Administration
Informal Family Agreement
The principal of immediate vesting allows estate beneficiaries to divide the estate, subject to creditor claims, as they may agree. Every person who has a pecuniary interest should be joined as a party. Avoidance of a will contest is adequate consideration.
Court approval of Family Settlement Agreement
Must be sought when
- Overturn a probated will
- When a minor who’s guardian is an interested party
- When there are unknown remainder men as interested parties and there is an ad litem
- If the settlement agreement modifies or terminates a testamentary or irrevocable trust.
Dependent Administration
Appropriate when an estate is insolvent or potentially insolvent, or where substantial conflicts exist between the named executor and the heirs or legatees.
When is Dependent Administration appropriate?
- Intestacy
- No executor named in the will
- When an executor predeceases a testator and no alternate is named
- When an executor fails or neglects to qualify within 20 days after the wills admission to probate
- When the executor neglects to present the will for probate within 30 days after death
Liability of dependent administrator
Personal liability for any acts performed without any required court authority, for conversion, waste, or mismanagement of assets, hiring or renting property without approval.
Order of preference for administrator applicatants
Person named in the Will Surviving spouse Principal beneficiary Any beneficiary Next of kin Creditor of decedent Person of good character who applies for the position Any other person not disqualified
Disqualified person for administrator/executor
Incapacitated person
Convicted felon
Non-resident without an appointed resident agent
Corporation not authorized to act as a fiduciary
Any unsuitable person
Time limit for probate
No administration after four years from the decedent’s death unless there exists a necessary to receive or recover funds or property due to the estate
Probate of will and appointment of administrator with will annexed
Will fails to appoint an executor or all appointed executors are deceased or no longer competent to serve, or will does not provide for independent administration .
Timing of probate hearing
No hearing until application citation has been returned, which is the the first Monday after 10 days from the posting, personal service, or publication.
Fiscal year for the estate
Estate may select fiscal year that ends on the last day of the month before decedent’s death. Allows deferral of taxes for estate and beneficiary
Possible tax returns for the estate
1040 for final year through date of death
1041 for estate
709 to cover all open gift years
706