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TBL Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

screening

A

presumptive identification of unrecognized disease or condition by the application of tests, examinations, or other procedures

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2
Q

purposes of screening

A

delay onset of symptomatic or disease or prolong survival

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3
Q

suitable disease

A

prevalence of the detectable pre-clinical must be high

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4
Q

primary prevention

A

prevent disease before it starts

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5
Q

secondary prevention

A

aims to delay symptoms

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6
Q

tertiary prevention

A

aims to slow disease progression

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7
Q

sensitivity

A

a/a+c

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8
Q

specificity

A

d/b+d

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9
Q

positive predictive value

A

a/a+b

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10
Q

negative predictive value

A

d/c+d

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11
Q

fatal disease –> optimize

A

specificity

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12
Q

to prevent disease transmission –> optimize

A

sensitivity

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13
Q

counts are useful for

A

if public health important, people are worried,or need resources to treat

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14
Q

ratio

A

shows relative size of two valus/ demonstrates how many times larger one group is to another

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15
Q

proportion

A

numerator is subset of denominator

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16
Q

rate

A

ratio that takes the form a/a+b during some period of time

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17
Q

incidence

A

frequency of the occurrence of new cases

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18
Q

cumulative incidence

A

new cases of disease/ # at risk at beginning of follow up

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19
Q

incidence rate

A

new cases/ sum of disease-free period person-time

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20
Q

prevalence

A

proportion of people with disease at specified point in time

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21
Q

point prevalence

A

existing cases/ total population at specified point in time

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22
Q

period prevalence

A

existing + # new during time period/ population at midpoint of time period

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23
Q

how to describe categorical data

A

frequency distribution

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24
Q

how to describe continuous data

A

central tendency (mean/median) and variability (standard deviation/range)

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25
mean or median better for skewed data
median
26
EBP
conscientious, explicit, judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients
27
PICO
patient/problem/population, intervention, comparison intervention, outcome of interest
28
research questions
once knowledge base is builtup we can ask
29
background questions
general questions without comparison
30
foreground questions
specific questions that compare interventions
31
primary sources
reports of original research written by investigators themselves: good for foreground questions
32
secondary sources
reviews; systematic reviews and meta-analyses: goof for foreground questions
33
MEDLINE
foremost resource in the world for health sciences literature
34
Cochrane Library
good to look for research syntheses or secondary sources
35
ISI Web of Knowledge
focus on basic sciences
36
tertiary resources
best for answering background questions and summarize recorded knowledge on a topic
37
5 steps to EBP
ask, acquire, appraise, apply, adjust
38
MeSH
provides information about the subject heading including a list of related terms for which the subject heading is used
39
AND Boolean Operator
combine unique concepts from PICO question
40
OR Boolean Operator
several terms for the same topic
41
parentheses
allows search in correct order
42
stop words
prepositions and conjunctions in your search that are ignored by databases
43
principles of study design
well-defined study population, measures incidence if possible, highest level of evidence, feasible given cost, time and population constraints
44
strengths of RCT
highest level of evidence, can assess temporality, minimize bias and confoundin
45
weaknesses of RCT
not always ethical, costly, inefficient for rare stuff, may not generalize
46
strengths of cohort
measures multiple outcomes/exposures, good for rare EXPOSURES
47
weaknesses of cohort
not good for rare diseases, costly/time consuming, bias due to loss to follow up, being followed may alter participation
48
strengths of case-control
cost effective, good for rare DISEASES, and diseases with long latency
49
weaknesses of case-control
prone to selection and recall bias, can only examine one outcome, cannot estimate incidence, poor choice for rare exposures, often can't determine temporality
50
strengths of cross-sectional
cheap and quick, can collect data on lots of exposures and outcomes, good for hypothesis generation
51
weaknesses of cross-sectional
cannot infer temporality, prone to recall bias, not good for rare disease, cannot estimate incidence
52
why do a cohort study
examine incidence, look at natural history of disease, assess temporality of an exposure/disease relation
53
incidence in exposed
a/a+b
54
incidence in unexposed
c/c+d
55
relative risk
(a/a+b)/(c/c+d)
56
what format of table is the gold standard
New England Journal of Medicine format
57
cross-tabulation or contingency
displays frequency distributions and mean/means + SD stratified by outcome or exposure
58
counterfactual
people differ from one another in myriad of ways
59
RCTs are always
prospective
60
randomization
participants and investigators don't choose and minimizes probability of meaningful differences between exposure groups at baseline
61
simple randomization
no way to know what assignment comes next
62
blocked randomization
simple randomization but within nown block sizes
63
permuted blocked randomization
size of blocks also randomly assigned
64
blinding
keeping trial participants, investigators, or assessors unaware of an assigned intervention so that they are not affected by that knowledge
65
RCT phase 1
very small number of healthy volunteers, closely monitored with focus on safety
66
RCT phase 2
small number of subjects with condition to be treated, closely monitored with expanded focus on safety plus preliminary efficacy
67
RCT phase 3
expanded controlled and uncontrolled studies, large number of subjects with condition to be treated, focus on efficacy
68
RCT phase 4
further characterize safety of drug, explore new therapeutic indications, marketing
69
survival analysis
time to death or health event
70
censoring
we don't know patient's outcome at a given point in time
71
survival analysis allows us to capture both
event occurrence and time to that event
72
subjects selected based on disease status
case-control
73
source cohort
population that gave rise to the cases
74
when we select cases for case-control
they should be all of diseases members of source cohort
75
where to find controls
medical care system, community, deceased individuals
76
matching
selection of reference series of unexposed subjects in a cohort study or controls in a case-control study that is nearly identical to the cases
77
control selection bias
if exposure in selected controls differs from exposure in source cohort
78
case-selection bias
if exposure in selected cases differs from exposure in source cohort
79
recall bias
some participants may not be able to remember or accurately report information related to exposure
80
interviewer bias
they may not be blinded to the case-control status of participants
81
confounding bias
situation in which the effect or association between an exposure and outcome is distorted by the presence of another variable

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