Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EBIR > TBL Stuff > Flashcards

TBL Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

screening

A

presumptive identification of unrecognized disease or condition by the application of tests, examinations, or other procedures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

purposes of screening

A

delay onset of symptomatic or disease or prolong survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

suitable disease

A

prevalence of the detectable pre-clinical must be high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

primary prevention

A

prevent disease before it starts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

secondary prevention

A

aims to delay symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

tertiary prevention

A

aims to slow disease progression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

sensitivity

A

a/a+c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

specificity

A

d/b+d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

positive predictive value

A

a/a+b

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

negative predictive value

A

d/c+d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

fatal disease –> optimize

A

specificity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

to prevent disease transmission –> optimize

A

sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

counts are useful for

A

if public health important, people are worried,or need resources to treat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

ratio

A

shows relative size of two valus/ demonstrates how many times larger one group is to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

proportion

A

numerator is subset of denominator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

rate

A

ratio that takes the form a/a+b during some period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

incidence

A

frequency of the occurrence of new cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

cumulative incidence

A

new cases of disease/ # at risk at beginning of follow up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

incidence rate

A

new cases/ sum of disease-free period person-time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

prevalence

A

proportion of people with disease at specified point in time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

point prevalence

A

existing cases/ total population at specified point in time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

period prevalence

A

existing + # new during time period/ population at midpoint of time period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how to describe categorical data

A

frequency distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how to describe continuous data

A

central tendency (mean/median) and variability (standard deviation/range)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

mean or median better for skewed data

A

median

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

EBP

A

conscientious, explicit, judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

PICO

A

patient/problem/population, intervention, comparison intervention, outcome of interest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

research questions

A

once knowledge base is builtup we can ask

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

background questions

A

general questions without comparison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

foreground questions

A

specific questions that compare interventions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

primary sources

A

reports of original research written by investigators themselves: good for foreground questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

secondary sources

A

reviews; systematic reviews and meta-analyses: goof for foreground questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

MEDLINE

A

foremost resource in the world for health sciences literature

34
Q

Cochrane Library

A

good to look for research syntheses or secondary sources

35
Q

ISI Web of Knowledge

A

focus on basic sciences

36
Q

tertiary resources

A

best for answering background questions and summarize recorded knowledge on a topic

37
Q

5 steps to EBP

A

ask, acquire, appraise, apply, adjust

38
Q

MeSH

A

provides information about the subject heading including a list of related terms for which the subject heading is used

39
Q

AND Boolean Operator

A

combine unique concepts from PICO question

40
Q

OR Boolean Operator

A

several terms for the same topic

41
Q

parentheses

A

allows search in correct order

42
Q

stop words

A

prepositions and conjunctions in your search that are ignored by databases

43
Q

principles of study design

A

well-defined study population, measures incidence if possible, highest level of evidence, feasible given cost, time and population constraints

44
Q

strengths of RCT

A

highest level of evidence, can assess temporality, minimize bias and confoundin

45
Q

weaknesses of RCT

A

not always ethical, costly, inefficient for rare stuff, may not generalize

46
Q

strengths of cohort

A

measures multiple outcomes/exposures, good for rare EXPOSURES

47
Q

weaknesses of cohort

A

not good for rare diseases, costly/time consuming, bias due to loss to follow up, being followed may alter participation

48
Q

strengths of case-control

A

cost effective, good for rare DISEASES, and diseases with long latency

49
Q

weaknesses of case-control

A

prone to selection and recall bias, can only examine one outcome, cannot estimate incidence, poor choice for rare exposures, often can’t determine temporality

50
Q

strengths of cross-sectional

A

cheap and quick, can collect data on lots of exposures and outcomes, good for hypothesis generation

51
Q

weaknesses of cross-sectional

A

cannot infer temporality, prone to recall bias, not good for rare disease, cannot estimate incidence

52
Q

why do a cohort study

A

examine incidence, look at natural history of disease, assess temporality of an exposure/disease relation

53
Q

incidence in exposed

A

a/a+b

54
Q

incidence in unexposed

A

c/c+d

55
Q

relative risk

A

(a/a+b)/(c/c+d)

56
Q

what format of table is the gold standard

A

New England Journal of Medicine format

57
Q

cross-tabulation or contingency

A

displays frequency distributions and mean/means + SD stratified by outcome or exposure

58
Q

counterfactual

A

people differ from one another in myriad of ways

59
Q

RCTs are always

A

prospective

60
Q

randomization

A

participants and investigators don’t choose and minimizes probability of meaningful differences between exposure groups at baseline

61
Q

simple randomization

A

no way to know what assignment comes next

62
Q

blocked randomization

A

simple randomization but within nown block sizes

63
Q

permuted blocked randomization

A

size of blocks also randomly assigned

64
Q

blinding

A

keeping trial participants, investigators, or assessors unaware of an assigned intervention so that they are not affected by that knowledge

65
Q

RCT phase 1

A

very small number of healthy volunteers, closely monitored with focus on safety

66
Q

RCT phase 2

A

small number of subjects with condition to be treated, closely monitored with expanded focus on safety plus preliminary efficacy

67
Q

RCT phase 3

A

expanded controlled and uncontrolled studies, large number of subjects with condition to be treated, focus on efficacy

68
Q

RCT phase 4

A

further characterize safety of drug, explore new therapeutic indications, marketing

69
Q

survival analysis

A

time to death or health event

70
Q

censoring

A

we don’t know patient’s outcome at a given point in time

71
Q

survival analysis allows us to capture both

A

event occurrence and time to that event

72
Q

subjects selected based on disease status

A

case-control

73
Q

source cohort

A

population that gave rise to the cases

74
Q

when we select cases for case-control

A

they should be all of diseases members of source cohort

75
Q

where to find controls

A

medical care system, community, deceased individuals

76
Q

matching

A

selection of reference series of unexposed subjects in a cohort study or controls in a case-control study that is nearly identical to the cases

77
Q

control selection bias

A

if exposure in selected controls differs from exposure in source cohort

78
Q

case-selection bias

A

if exposure in selected cases differs from exposure in source cohort

79
Q

recall bias

A

some participants may not be able to remember or accurately report information related to exposure

80
Q

interviewer bias

A

they may not be blinded to the case-control status of participants

81
Q

confounding bias

A

situation in which the effect or association between an exposure and outcome is distorted by the presence of another variable

EBIR (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions