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Question 1

refers to an acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma acquired outside of the hospital.

Answer 1

●Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)

Question 2

refers to an acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma acquired in hospital settings

Answer 2

Nosocomial pneumonia

Question 3

Nosocomial pneumonia is divided into

Answer 3

hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).

Question 4

HAP refers to pneumonia acquired

Answer 4

≥48 hours after hospital admission.

Question 5

VAP refers to pneumonia acquired

Answer 5

≥48 hours after endotracheal intubation.

Question 6

referred to pneumonia acquired in health care facilities (eg, nursing homes, hemodialysis centers) or after recent hospitalization.

Answer 6

Health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP

Question 7

CAP accounts for over … million outpatient and emergency room visits annually,

Answer 7

4.5

Question 8

CAP is corresponding to approximately … percent of all encounters

Answer 8

0.4

Question 9

most common infectious cause of death

Answer 9

CAP

Question 10

Nearly … percent of patients hospitalized with CAP will be rehospitalized due to a new episode of CAP during the same year

Answer 10

9

Question 11

.. percent of the older adult population will be hospitalized for CAP annually

Answer 11

2

Question 12

The comorbidityتزامن مرضين that places patients at highest risk for CAP hospitalization is

Answer 12

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Question 13

Other comorbidities associated with an increased incidence of CAP include

Answer 13

other forms of chronic lung disease (eg, bronchiectasis, asthma), chronic heart disease (particularly congestive heart failure), stroke, diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, and immunocompromising conditions

Question 14

Viral respiratory tract infection can lead to

Answer 14

primary viral pneumonias

also predispose to secondary bacterial pneumonia

Question 15

Impaired airway protection

Answer 15

Conditions that increase risk of macroaspiration of stomach contents and/or microaspiration of upper airway secretions such as alteration in consciousness (eg, due to stroke, seizure, anesthesia, drug or alcohol use) or dysphagia due to esophageal lesions or dysmotility.

Question 16

Common causes

Answer 16

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and respiratory viruses are the most frequently detected pathogens i

Question 17

The most commonly identified causes of CAP can be grouped into three categories:

Answer 17

Typical bacteria
Atypical bacteria
Respiratory viruses

Question 18

●Typical bacteria

Answer 18

S. pneumoniae (most common bacterial cause)
•Haemophilus influenzae
•Moraxella catarrhalis
•Staphylococcus aureus
•Group A streptococci
•Aerobic gram-negative bacteria (eg, Enterobacteriaceae such as Klebsiella spp or Escherichia coli)
•Microaerophilic bacteria and anaerobes (associated with aspiration)

Question 19

●Atypical bacteria meams

Answer 19

intrinsic resistance of these organisms to beta-lactams and their inability to be visualized on Gram stain or cultured using traditional techniques)

Question 20

Atypical bacteria

Answer 20

Legionella spp
•Mycoplasma pneumoniae
•Chlamydia pneumoniae
•Chlamydia psittaci
•Coxiella burnetii

Question 21

●Respiratory viruses

Answer 21

• Influenza A and B viruses
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
• Other coronaviruses (eg, CoV-229E, CoV-NL63, CoV-OC43, CoV-HKU1)
• Rhinoviruses
• Parainfluenza viruses
• Adenoviruses
• Respiratory syncytial virus
• Human metapneumovirus
• Human bocaviruses

Question 22

exposure to contaminated water is a risk factor for

Answer 22

Legionella infection,

Question 23

exposure to birds raises the possibility of

Answer 23

C. psittaci infection,

Question 24

, travel or residence in the southwestern United States should raise suspicion for

Answer 24

coccidioidomycosis,

Question 25

poor dental hygiene may predispose patients with pneumonia caused by

Answer 25

anaerobes