Tbl Flashcards
refers to an acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma acquired outside of the hospital.
●Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
refers to an acute infection of the pulmonary parenchyma acquired in hospital settings
Nosocomial pneumonia
Nosocomial pneumonia is divided into
hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).
HAP refers to pneumonia acquired
≥48 hours after hospital admission.
VAP refers to pneumonia acquired
≥48 hours after endotracheal intubation.
referred to pneumonia acquired in health care facilities (eg, nursing homes, hemodialysis centers) or after recent hospitalization.
Health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP
CAP accounts for over … million outpatient and emergency room visits annually,
4.5
CAP is corresponding to approximately … percent of all encounters
0.4
most common infectious cause of death
CAP
Nearly … percent of patients hospitalized with CAP will be rehospitalized due to a new episode of CAP during the same year
9
.. percent of the older adult population will be hospitalized for CAP annually
2
The comorbidityتزامن مرضين that places patients at highest risk for CAP hospitalization is
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Other comorbidities associated with an increased incidence of CAP include
other forms of chronic lung disease (eg, bronchiectasis, asthma), chronic heart disease (particularly congestive heart failure), stroke, diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, and immunocompromising conditions
Viral respiratory tract infection can lead to
primary viral pneumonias
also predispose to secondary bacterial pneumonia
Impaired airway protection
Conditions that increase risk of macroaspiration of stomach contents and/or microaspiration of upper airway secretions such as alteration in consciousness (eg, due to stroke, seizure, anesthesia, drug or alcohol use) or dysphagia due to esophageal lesions or dysmotility.
Common causes
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and respiratory viruses are the most frequently detected pathogens i
The most commonly identified causes of CAP can be grouped into three categories:
Typical bacteria
Atypical bacteria
Respiratory viruses
●Typical bacteria
S. pneumoniae (most common bacterial cause)
•Haemophilus influenzae
•Moraxella catarrhalis
•Staphylococcus aureus
•Group A streptococci
•Aerobic gram-negative bacteria (eg, Enterobacteriaceae such as Klebsiella spp or Escherichia coli)
•Microaerophilic bacteria and anaerobes (associated with aspiration)
●Atypical bacteria meams
intrinsic resistance of these organisms to beta-lactams and their inability to be visualized on Gram stain or cultured using traditional techniques)
Atypical bacteria
Legionella spp •Mycoplasma pneumoniae •Chlamydia pneumoniae •Chlamydia psittaci •Coxiella burnetii
●Respiratory viruses
- Influenza A and B viruses
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
- Other coronaviruses (eg, CoV-229E, CoV-NL63, CoV-OC43, CoV-HKU1)
- Rhinoviruses
- Parainfluenza viruses
- Adenoviruses
- Respiratory syncytial virus
- Human metapneumovirus
- Human bocaviruses
exposure to contaminated water is a risk factor for
Legionella infection,
exposure to birds raises the possibility of
C. psittaci infection,
, travel or residence in the southwestern United States should raise suspicion for
coccidioidomycosis,
