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Musculoskeletal > TBL 11 > Flashcards

TBL 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the layer of the skin the hair follicles and sweat glands anchored in?

A

superficial fascia

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2
Q

dermoepidermal junction

A

single layer of basal cells, proliferate to generate cuboidal cells that move to the apical sufrace (become keratinized)

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3
Q

Stratum corneum

A

layers of anucleate keratinocytes completely filled with keratin; layer at free surface is continously shed

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4
Q

Thick skin vs thin skin

A

thin skin = sweat glands, hair follicles; thick skin = sweat glands, no hair follicles

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5
Q

Desmosomes

A

aggregates of cellular adhesion proteins in cell membranes of adjacent keratinocytes that interconnect the cells and resist their mechanical abrasion

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6
Q

Hemi-desmosomes

A

links the basal layer of the epidermis and the basement membrane

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7
Q

Is basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma more likely to breech the basement membrane? Which tumor is more prevalent?

A

Basal cell carcinoma accounts for 90% of cancers, rarely breaches; Sq. cell is associated with sun and has a greater likelihood of metastasis

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8
Q

Melanosomes. What determines skin color?

A

produce melanin in melanosomes which are deposited into cytoplasm of keratinocytes; rate of melanosome production determines skin color

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9
Q

Langerhans cells

A

2-8% of epidermal population; DCs are capture invading antigens to assist selective activation of T cells

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10
Q

How do hair buds form?

A

Basal cells penetrate dermis, terminal ends become hair papillae -> includes keratinocytes, melanocytes -> hair shafts

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11
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

from the follicular wall of hair bud, basal cells form sebaceous glands -> secrete sebum (lipid-rich decomposed granular cells)

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12
Q

Arrector pili

A

sympathetic-mediated, contraction causes goosebumps and compresses the sebaceous glands to expedites sebum secretion into the follicle

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13
Q

How sweat glands form?

A

invaginations of epidermal basal cells (similar to hair bud formation) down into the superficial fascia; postsynaptic sympathetic fibers activat the secretory acini

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14
Q

How do eccrine sweat glands help maintain body temperature?

A

sweat, evaporative heat loss

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15
Q

Where do odoriferous sweat glands reside, and why do their secretions have a musky odor?

A

axillae, scrotum, prepuce, labia minora, nipples, and perinatal regions; musky odor is in response to bacterial decomposition

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16
Q

Superficial fascia and function

A

white fat (adipocytes with large lipid droplets filling their cytoplasm) -> insulation, padding for underlying tissues, metabolic fuel

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17
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A

in the superficial dermis, mechanoreceptor -> sensitive to fine tactile stimuli

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18
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

in the superficial fascia, mechanoreceptor -> sensitive to pressure, vibration, and gross tactile stimuli

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19
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

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20
Q

Intervertebral (IV) discs, accounts for height of prescaral vertebral column?

A

25%

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21
Q

of presacral vertebrae

A

24

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22
Q

structure of presacral vertebrae

A

anterior vertebral body, posterior vertebral arches, vertebral foramina

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23
Q

vertebral foramina ( continuity = vertebral canal)

A

encloses the spinal cord, spinal nerve roots, DRG

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24
Q

Pedicle vs laminae of the vertebral arch

A

Pedicle = sides; Laminae = roof

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25
Q

Ligmenta flava

A

interconnect the laminae of adjacent vertebrae and contribute to the posterior wall of the vertebral canal

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26
Q

Medial vs lateral

A

lateral farther from the median plane

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27
Q

Junction of pedicles and laminae

A

transverse processes and two superior and two inferior articular processes

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28
Q

Junction of laminae

A

single spinous process

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29
Q

Function of transverse and spinous processes

A

provide attachment sites for deep back muscles that fix or change positions of the vertebrae

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30
Q

Alignment of articular processes

A

lie in apposition above and below the vertebrae (the condition of being side by side or close together)

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31
Q

Spondylolysis

A

fracture of a vertebral arch between its superior and inferior articular processes (i.e at the pars interarticularis -> junction between laminae and pedicle)

32
Q

What are the consequences of spondylolysis at L5?

A

Spondylolisthesis -> may result in pressure on the spinal nerves of the cauda equina, causing lower back and lower limb pain

33
Q

How do the ligamenta flava expedite a lumbar spinal puncture?

A

There is release of pressure when puncturing

34
Q

IV discs structure

A

gelatinous nucleus pulposus surrounded by annulus fibrosis (concentric layers of thick collagen fibers); shock absorbers for the spine

35
Q

Primary curvatures

A

Thoracic, Sacral

36
Q

Secondary curvatures

A

Cervical, Lumbar; begin to form when infants can lift their heads and start to walk, respectively

37
Q

Where do spinal nerves pass through in the foramina?

A

superior portions

38
Q

How are cervical spinal nerves numbered?

A

Nerves passes superior to the corresponding vertebrae

39
Q

How are thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves numbered?

A

Nerves passes through IV foramina inferior to the corresponding vertebrase

40
Q

Disc herniation between vertebrae L4 and L5 compresses which spinal nerve root?

A

L5 nerve

41
Q

Disc herniation between vertebrae C4 and C5 compresses which spinal nerve root?

A

C5 nerve

42
Q

Notochord

A

induces formation of the axial skeleton, neural tube, and nucleus pulposus

43
Q

Annulus fibrosis originate from what tissue/structure?

A

somite-derived mesenchymal cells

44
Q

What causes spina bifida occulta, the most common congenital anomaly of the vertebral column?

A

neural arches of L5 and/or S1 fail to develop normally and fuse posterior to the bertebral canal

45
Q

How does spina bifida cystica differ from spina bifida occulta?

A

cystica is more severe, herniation of the meninges and/or the spinal cord

46
Q

Development of skeletal muscle fibers

A

Mesenchymal cells -> myoblasts -> end to end fusion -> myotube -> cell fusion -> myofilaments -> muscle fibers (actin and myosin appear)

47
Q

Organization of skeletal muscle

A

Sacromere -> myofilament -> myofibril -> muscle fiber -> muscle fasicles -> muscle

48
Q

A bands

A

myosin

49
Q

I bands

A

actin

50
Q

Z lines

A

decmarcate sacromeres

51
Q

Epimysium

A

dense connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle

52
Q

Perimysium

A

dense connective tissue surrounding the fascicles

53
Q

Endomysium

A

dense connective tissue surrounding the muscle fibers

54
Q

T tubules

A

tubular invagination of the sarcolemma form triads with portions of the sacroplasma reticulum that enable rapid conduction of the electrical impulses to the cell interior for excitation-contraction coupling

55
Q

Muscle action potential

A

Ach released from the axon terminal binds to the muscle fiber sarcolemma

56
Q

Tendons arise directly from the epimysium

A

the sarcolemma beneath the epimysium is highly indented to enhance mechanical stability of the muscle-tendon junction

57
Q

What is the function of satellite cells?

A

stem cells, for repair and regeneration of damaged segments of the skeletal muscle fiber after injury

58
Q

What is the role of muscle tone and when is it absent?

A

gives muscle a certain firmness, assisting the stability of joints and the maintance of posture, while keeping the muscle ready to respond to appropriate stimuli. Absent when unconscious or after a nerve lesion resulting in paralysis

59
Q

What form the arrector pili and smooth muscle of arteries?

A

local mesenchymal cells

60
Q

Smooth muscle characteristics

A

lack striations; actin filaments align parallel with myosin filaments and bind to dense bodies dispersed within the sarcoplasm

61
Q

Varicosities along postsynaptic sympathetic fibers

A

release norepinephrine that binds to the smooth muscle fiber sarcolemma; tiny intercellular pores (aka gap junctions) enable action potentials to spread among groups of smooth muscle fibers for synchronous contraction.

62
Q

Superficial extrinsic shoulder muscles

A

trapezius and latissimus dorsi

63
Q

Deep extrinsic shoulder muscles

A

levator scapulae and rhomboids

64
Q

Trapezius

A

attaches to the cervical and thoracic vertebrae proximally and to the scapula and clavicle distally; its superior part elevates the scapula, and all three of its parts working together retract the scapula from the protracted position (i.e., pulling something toward you after reaching for it).

65
Q

Latissimus dorsi

A

attaches via the thoracolumbar fascia to the inferior six thoracic and five lumbar vertebrae proximally and its tendon attaches to the medial side of the humerus distally; it rotates the scapula downward and adducts the upper extremity from the fully abducted position (e.g., swimming or climbing).

66
Q

Innervates the trapezius

A

spinal accessory nerve

67
Q

Innvervates the latissimus dorsi

A

thoracodorsal nerve

68
Q

What is the clinical manifestation in patients with ipsilateral trapezius muscle weakness?

A

spinal accessory nerve palsy; weaknes when shoulders are elevated against resistance

69
Q

Why is the use of crutches difficult by an adult with latissimus dorsi weakness, and how would the weakness affect a 1-year old infant?

A

crutches pushes shoulder superiorly; a 1 year old would not be able to crawl

70
Q

Levator scapulae

A

attaches to the superior four cervical vertebrae proximally and to the superior angle of the scapula distally; synergizes with the superior part of the trapezius during elevation of the scapula.

71
Q

Rhomboids

A

attach to the superior six thoracic vertebrae proximally and to the medial border of the scapula distally; assist retraction and downward rotation of the scapula.

72
Q

Dorsal scapular nerve

A

C5 is the spinal segmental origin; innervates the levator scapulae and rhomboids

73
Q

Erector spinae

A

considered the long intrinsic muscle of the back; thus, it attaches to the sacrum proximally and to the posterior aspects of the ribs, thoracic vertebrae, and cervical vertebrae distally.

74
Q

Erector spinae innervation

A

posterior rami of the spinal nerves innervate the erector spinae and envision the rami also conduct somatic sensations from the back into the CNS.

75
Q

Erector spinae function

A

after flexion of the vertebral column by the rectus abdominis muscle of the anterior abdominal wall (to be studied later), bilateral contraction of the erector spinae extends the spine to return it to the upright position.

Musculoskeletal (11 decks)

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