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Speech Pathology > TBI Quiz 1 > Flashcards

TBI Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

SAH

A

Subarachnoid hematoma

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2
Q

DAI

A

Diffuse axonal injury

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3
Q

CHI

A

Closed head injury

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4
Q

SBS

A

Shaken baby syndrome

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5
Q

ABI

A

Acquired brain injury

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6
Q

ICH

A

Intracerebral hemmorage

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7
Q

TME

A

Toxic metabolic encephalopathy

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8
Q

Interdisciplinary team consists of..

Who is the center of the team

A 
Neurologist
PT
OT
SLP
social worker 
psychologist
Neuropsychologist
Respiratory therapy
Rehab therapy 
Center- patient
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9
Q

How many people sustain a TBI during the calendar year?

A

1.7 billion

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10
Q

Why are some TBIs not reported?

A

May be an abuse situation, don’t want to report and get in trouble. People may not realize they have a TBI

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11
Q

How many deaths are recorded from TBI each year?

A

52,000

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12
Q

Do we focus on incidence or prevalence?

A

Incidence

Prevalence is too hard to measure

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13
Q

Incidence

A

Amount/frequency it happens within a time period

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14
Q

What gender has the highest incidence of TBI?

A

Males- more risk takers, more hands on/dangerous jobs

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15
Q

Infant TBIs

A

Shaken baby syndrome, falls

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16
Q

Adolescent TBIs

A

Motor vehicle accidents, falls during sports

15-24 have greatest incidence of TBI

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17
Q

Elderly TBI

A

Falls, can be more medically compromised which can lead to death

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18
Q

SDH

A

Subdural hematoma

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19
Q

Highest incidence of falls is

A

Among youngest and oldest people

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20
Q

Highest incidence of TBI in youths is cause by

A

Sports injuries- 80% have no change in academic ability after their TBI

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21
Q

TBI occurs in how many motor vehicle accidents

A

Over half

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22
Q

Intentional TBI

A

street violence, violent crimes, child abuse, domestic abuse, suicide attempts, military actions (harder to prevent these)

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23
Q

Unintentional TBI

A

MVAs, sports, job, falls

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24
Q

Risk factors of TBI

A

Substance abuse
Per existing medical conditions
Previous brain injury

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25
Q

After 2 brain injuries the risk is __ x greater

A

8

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26
Q

When is TBI season? Why?

A

May through October

More people playing outside, outdoor activities, riding motorcycles

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27
Q

Golden hour

A

An hour after injury happens prognosis is better and recovery is quicker

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28
Q

Acquired brain injury (ABI)

A

Any injury that occurs after birth

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29
Q

Non traumatic ABI are

A
  • tumors
  • toxic metabolic encephalopathy (TME)
  • anoxia
  • hypoxia
30
Q

Toxic metabolic encephalopathy (TME)

A

brought on by endocrine and metabolic disturbances, toxins, infection and cause changes to cognition and consciousness

31
Q

Anoxia

A

reduced oxygen supply to the brain

32
Q

Hypoxia

A

reduced blood supply to the brain (heart attack, clot – wind up with cognitive changes and can end up with TBI)

33
Q

Services for those with TBI

A

IDEA

New Jersey state department of human services - has a TBI fund for support for families and those with TBI

34
Q

Translational acceleration

A

-force travels through the heads center of gravity – linear

35
Q

Coup contra coup injury

A

Can have it side to side or back to back

36
Q

Rotational acceleration

A
  • force passes at any point other than the center
  • you have no idea what’s going to be injured
  • can force the head in any direction
37
Q

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI)

A
  • one of the more common CHIs also can be potentially most severe
  • cause by movement of the brain within the skull – disrupting nerve cell messages
38
Q

Shearing

A

Tearing too much to the point that the nerve severs

More susceptible to shearing where the gray and white matter meet

39
Q

Primary injuries

A 
Occur at the time of impact
Shearing
Hemorrhage
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Intracerebral hemorrhage 
Contusion
40
Q

Hemorrhage

A
  • typically within brain tissue itself

- ruptured vessels and bleeding into the spaces between the skulls and brain tissue

41
Q

Intracerebral hemorrhage

A

Means inside the brain

Can also be a stroke

42
Q

Contusion

A

bruising of brain tissue, pooling and swelling of the tissue

43
Q

Secondary brain injuries

A 
Hematoma
Subdural hemorrhage 
Epidural
Subarachnoid
Intracranial
Cerebral swelling
Cerebral edema
44
Q

Hematoma

A

localized pools of blood found outside the circulatory system

45
Q

Epidural

A

outside dura mater
​-often involves skull fracture
​-less dangerous when found quickly does not invade neural tissue

46
Q

Subdural

A

– between dura mater and arachnoid mater (30% of severe TBIs)
​-can compress and shift brain tissue

47
Q

Subarachnoid

A

-form in the space from a tear of a cerebral artery ​

​-can be found with a spinal tap​- will be blood in spinal fluid

48
Q

Intracranial

A

-most dangerous – occur in 60% of severe injuries

​-not always diagnosed at first because of brain swelling

49
Q

Cerebral swelling

A

blood traveling to the injured site

Can be more problematic for pediatric TBI

50
Q

Cerebral edema

A

Increase in water content within the brain
-vasogenic – capillaries allow fluid from blood vessels to travel through
Cytotoxic neurons become gorged with liquid content

51
Q

If there is intracranial pressure -pressure has to be removed slowly.. How?

A

​Elevate the head
​Draw fluids out with diuretic medications
​Increased oxygen (hyperventilation)
​High doses of barbiturates (phenobarbital)
Craniectomy

52
Q

Blast injuries (war)

A
  • increase because of active war time
  • primary blast injury - atmospheric pressure changes responsible for brain damage (don’t actually have to be right next to the bomb or materials that explode)
  • additional research needed on multiple blast injuries
53
Q

Secondary blast injury

A

shrapnel or debris from blast can strike a soldiers head CHI through blunt force trauma or penetrating head injury that damages brain tissue

54
Q

Tertiary blast injury

A

energy released by an explosion can accelerate a soldiers body though the air into ground
(ex coup contrecoup)

55
Q

Fourth blast injury

A

Swelling of the brain

56
Q

CT Scan

A
  • a series of x-ray images that provide cross sectional slices of brain tissue
  • can be with or without contrast
  • number one way they assess an injury
  • does not show contrast as much and it isn’t as clear – things can be missed
57
Q

MRI

A
  • uses large magnets, radiofrequencies, computer
  • can pinpoint differences between soft tissue and abnormal tissue
  • more contraindications
  • if you have metal in your body you CANNOT have an MRI
58
Q

Skull/cranium

A
  • outside is smooth – we can feel that

- inside is bumpy and jagged – can cause your tearing and shearing

59
Q

More susceptible to skull fractures

A
  • orbital plates of frontal lobe

- sphenoid and temporal bones around the sinuses and middle ear cavities

60
Q

Meninges

A

Three layers of membrane that surround the brain
-dura mater-cranial nerves pass through: encases sinuses
-arachnoid mater – delicate and fibrous
​​​-subarachnoid space that contains cerebrospinal fluid
-pia mater-inner most
​-thin and tightly around the brain tissue itself
-saran wrap around brain tissue itself

61
Q

Ventricular system

A

Contains 4 ventricles

  • produces CSF
  • CSF is another buffer for the brain tissue
62
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

4 lobes: frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital

63
Q

Frontal lobe

A

executive function

64
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Comprehension

Language on the left

65
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensation
Depth perception
Processing

66
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision

67
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • motor movements, balance

- very hard to have a TBI that affects this, location is hard to get to

68
Q

Limbic system

A
  • memories, emotion, physical desires

- deepest part

69
Q

Diencephalon

A

-nerve damage (maybe DAI injury)

70
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Memory

71
Q

Brainstem

A
  • midbrain
  • pons –swallowing
  • medulla
  • heartrate, breathing, organs affected
72
Q

How do we predict recovery

A 
Extent and location of injury
Length of impaired consciousness 
Post traumatic amnesia
Neurological testing scores
Genetics

Speech Pathology (3 decks)

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