TBI Flashcards
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Brain injury caused external force that may produce diminished/altered consciousness, resulting in impaired cognitive abilities.
Concussion
Mild TBIRapid onset, usually resolving within weeks
Subconcussion
Milder injury without neurological symptoms.
Concussion rate in HS vs College Sports
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Causes of TBI
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What are some Immediate Symptoms of TBI?
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Mechanical Forces Producing Head Injury
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TBI Coup and Countercoup Injuries
Coup Injury: focal damage at the site of impactCountercoup Injury: focal damage on the opposite side of impact
Mechanism of Blast Injuries
Primary: Effects of blast wave itself aka pressureSecondary: Effects of missiles being propelled by blast forceTertiary: Effects of impacts with other objects (coup-countercoup)
What are Diffuse Axonal Injuries of TBI?
Microscopic white matter injury due to axonal shearing (esp. coritcal sulci)-Axons can swell and degenerates causing impairment to pathway.-APP (Amyloid Precursor protein) accumulates in damaged axons-Not seen in CT, MRI scans-DTI can detect abnormality to pathway organization.
Acute Effects of TBI
-Possible loss of consciousness-“Shearing” of axons-Increased levels of activation on fMRI-Depolarization of neurons, glutamate release-Inflammation, disruption of blood brain barrie-Increased amyloid beta-If severe, intracranial bleeding.
What happens if second injury while symptomatic?
Metabolic dysfunction (increased demand, but reduced energy)Rare: diffuse cerebral swelling. (DCS)
What are Chronic Effects of TBI?
1 .Post- Concussion Syndrome2. Chronic Traumatic Enecephalopathy (CTE)
What is Post-Concussion Syndrome?
A concussion that persists 3 most or more after single, mTBI-Headaches, dizziness, poor memory and attention, executive dysfunction, mood and personality symptoms-DTI Findings
Chronic Traumatic Enecephalopathy (CTE)
DELAY ONSET neurodegeneration; latent periodLinked to repeated TBIs (There is no specific threshold)First identified as “Punch drunk”Memory loss, attention, new learning and executive deficitsNeuropsychiatric symptomsMotor symptoms
